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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D">Thanks, Jimm. That’s pretty much what I was thinking. I believe the original Siouan sound here was /š/, and some
speakers, especially the Otoe-Missouria, have shifted it forward to something more like /s/. At the same time, the original Siouan /s/ has also shifted forward in IOM to something like /þ/, “thorn”, or what we write “th”. So Omaha “s” would correspond to
IOM “th”, and IOM “s” or “sh” would correspond to Omaha “sh”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D">According to the CSD, we seem to have about four or five different words for ‘black’ in Siouan, which are all related
to each other by a couple of sound alternations. First, we have alternation in the main vowel between /e/ and /a/, which gives us two alternative forms of ‘black’:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"> *sepe<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"> *sape<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D">Within MVS, Hochank and IOM chose *sepe as their basic word for ‘black’, while Dakotan and Dhegiha chose *sape.
However, Dhegiha at least preserved *sepe as an alternate ‘black’ term in rare cases. Bob Rankin found a
<i>séwe</i> term for ‘black’ in Quapaw, and in Omaha the name of one of our speakers is Mi-sebe, meaning “Dark of the Moon”. She and her sister made it very clear to us that the
<i>sebe</i> part of this is not the ‘black’ word, <i>sábe</i>. They say that <i>
sébe</i> is its own word meaning “shadowy”, and in this case refers to the part of the moon that is dark when the moon is not full. I don’t know that I’ve ever run into the term outside of this case in Omaha, so perhaps it is preserved there mainly because
it appears in a name.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D">Second, these two ‘black’ words were both given alternates via Siouan fricative ablaut. The initial /s/ could
be changed to /š/ to give the idea of an “off-black”, or “dark”:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"> *sepe => *šepe<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"> *sape => *šape<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D">In Dhegiha, the *šape term means ‘dark (colored)’, and in Dakotan it means ‘dirty’, both in contrast to *sape,
meaning ‘black’. In IOM and Hochank, the *šepe term means ‘dark’, ‘suntanned’ or ‘brown’ in contrast to *sepe, ‘black’. So we get a comparative matrix that looks something like this:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D">
<u>‘black’</u> <u>‘off-black’<o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"> MVS *sepe => *šepe<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"> Ho
<i>séep</i> => <i>šéep</i> (‘dark’, ‘suntanned’)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"> IOM
<i>thewe</i> => <i>sewe</i> or <i>šewe</i> (‘brown’)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"> OP
<i>sebe</i> (‘shadowy’)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"> MVS *sape => *šape
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"> OP
<i>sabe</i> => <i>šabe</i> (‘dark’)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"> Da
<i>sapA</i> => <i>šapA</i> (‘dirty’)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D">Rory<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Siouan Linguistics [mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Jimm Goodtracks<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, April 22, 2014 3:15 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> SIOUAN@LISTSERV.UNL.EDU<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Possible SPAM] Re: Old Otoe-Missouria term for "bear"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue">Rory: They are both correct
</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D">“séwe” or “šéwe”</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue">. The difference is that the OM tend to pronounce a “s” while the
Ioway tend to pronounce a ‘’</span><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D">š</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue"> ~ sh’’. The distinction is not clear cut, as there
have been informants who tend to use the ‘’</span><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D">š</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue"> ~ sh’’ at times and in certain words.
Maybe once upon a time, it was an OM vs. I difference. So then, in the dictionary, such a word as we have here maybe be heard to be pronounced
</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D">“séwe” or “šéwe”</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue">. Now Dorsey also uses the “s” and “sh.” The former usually represents
the “th” while the latter represents the “s” sound. </span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">
<a href="mailto:rlarson1@UNL.EDU" title="rlarson1@UNL.EDU">Rory Larson</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">Sent:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black"> Tuesday, April 22, 2014 11:54 AM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">To:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">
<a href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu" title="SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">Subject:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black"> Re: [Possible SPAM] Re: Old Otoe-Missouria
term for "bear"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D">Jimm, is that “séwe” or “šéwe”? I looked it up in your dictionary, and found it under “šéwe”. Or is there no difference between /s/ and /š/ in IOM?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black"> Siouan Linguistics [<a href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Jimm Goodtracks<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, April 21, 2014 9:16 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:SIOUAN@LISTSERV.UNL.EDU">SIOUAN@LISTSERV.UNL.EDU</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Possible SPAM] Re: Old Otoe-Missouria term for "bear"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue">I am in agreement with all said. May I add two things. Dorsey’s “ñ” in his text is equal to the “ng” as in “sing.” So in lieu of he Ioway “-iñe,” it would
be the Otoe/Missouria “-inge.” Also, IOM does have a cognate to Omaha “sebe” which is “séwe” (brown). I have never known it to cover the meaning of “shawdowed,” as Rory says exists in Omaha.
</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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