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<DIV><STRONG><FONT color=#ffff00 size=6 face=Arial>Hi
everyone,</FONT></STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG><FONT size=6 face=Arial></FONT></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG><FONT color=#ffff00 size=6 face=Arial> Would you
translate "featural antalphabet" to French?</FONT></STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG><FONT size=6 face=Arial></FONT></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG><FONT color=#ffff00 size=6 face=Arial> I am just
curious. Is ISWA "International SignWriting
Antalphabet?</FONT></STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG><FONT size=6 face=Arial></FONT></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG><FONT color=#ffff00 size=6 face=Arial>
Regards,</FONT></STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG><FONT size=6 face=Arial></FONT></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG><FONT color=#ffff00 size=6 face=Arial>
André</FONT></STRONG></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ffff00 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px"
dir=ltr>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT: 10pt arial; BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=sutton@SIGNWRITING.ORG href="mailto:sutton@SIGNWRITING.ORG">Valerie
Sutton</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=SW-L@LISTSERV.VALENCIACOLLEGE.EDU
href="mailto:SW-L@LISTSERV.VALENCIACOLLEGE.EDU">SW-L@LISTSERV.VALENCIACOLLEGE.EDU</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, October 11, 2011 8:29
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Is SignWriting an antalphabet?
and featural? Joe's writeup is thought-provoking...</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>SignWriting List
<DIV>October 11, 2011</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Hi Joe and everyone -</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>I really enjoyed reading Joe's article on SignWriting terminology. I
printed it and lay down on the couch and read it several times...It is very
well written. Clear and to the point. I have a better understanding of
terminology now. For example, I never really understood what an "orthography"
was until now....and it is very thought-provoking to think of SignWriting as a
featural "antalphabet"... and I didn't realize that a chereme is different
than a phoneme - THANK YOU, Joe, for explaining these terms and for giving
SignWriting your focus and attention. I appreciate your work and I am glad you
shared it with us and that it is now on our web site. Sorry it took me so long
to post it, but better late than never!</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Val ;-)</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>-----------</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><BR>
<DIV>
<DIV>On Oct 11, 2011, at 3:55 PM, Valerie Sutton wrote:</DIV><BR
class=Apple-interchange-newline>
<BLOCKQUOTE type="cite">
<DIV
style="WORD-WRAP: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space">SignWriting
List
<DIV>October 11, 2011</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Joe also gave us a short write up on SignWriting Terminology that he
thought might be interesting to share, since years ago people discussed
terminology relating to SignWriting all the time - I remember reading some
really heated discussions about what terms to use when discussing the
reading and writing of sign languages...so here is Joe's old paper on this
topic, which is now posted at: <SPAN
style="COLOR: rgb(33,33,33); FONT-SIZE: 14px" class=Apple-style-span><A
href="http://www.signwriting.org/archive/docs7/sw0672_Joe_Martin_SignWriting_Terminology.pdf">http://www.signwriting.org/archive/docs7/sw0672_Joe_Martin_SignWriting_Terminology.pdf</A></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(33,33,33); FONT-SIZE: 14px"
class=Apple-style-span><BR></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 18px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><B>SignWriting
Terminology</B></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 14px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">by
Joe Martin</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">SignWriting
is so new, and so radically different, that the words in our ordinary
vocabulary don’t apply to it. When people see it for the first time
they are often confused about what it is. A new language? A new
alphabet? Finding the right words to explain this can be hard.
Even many linguists are not familiar with the terms we need to discuss
SignWriting, but such words do exist. It’s important that we look for
them, and that we all agree on the right words to use, because we all want
to give accurate information.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">We
can say SignWriting is a <B>notation</B>. Notations are any system for
writing things down; not only languages but also things like music scores or
the <I>e=mc<SUP>2</SUP> </I>of mathematics. If we want to limit
ourselves to writing only languages, we can call the notation a
<B>script.</B> Scripts are writing systems for languages, and
traditionally there are three kinds. The alphabet is one kind of
script, and the other two kinds are the syllabary and the logography.
Since the alphabet is the only one that is familiar to most of us, it is
tempting to say that SignWriting is an alphabet for writing signed
languages. That, however, is not correct.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">By
definition an alphabet uses symbols (letters) to stand for the smallest
sound segments (phonemes) of the language. The spoken language is broken up
into segments, and the symbols are used to represent them. For example
the four symbols <e>, <o>, <r>, and <x>, are used
for the six sound-segments heard in the word “xerox.” Then we use some
system to relate the symbols to the order we hear the sounds.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR
class=webkit-block-placeholder> </DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">A
<B>syllabary</B> is the same as an alphabet except that instead of just
sounds, the symbols stand for whole syllables, usually a consonant plus a
vowel. For example the Cree language uses a syllabary. In
writing Cree, the symbol < <SPAN style="FONT: 16px Helvetica"></SPAN>
> stands for the syllable “ni” and < <SPAN
style="FONT: 16px Helvetica"></SPAN> > stands for “pi.” The Cree
word for water, <I>nipi,</I> is written < <SPAN
style="FONT: 16px Helvetica"></SPAN> >. The important thing is
that these letters, sounds, and syllables are all what linguists call
segments. This means they are sequential units that occur one after
another. SignWriting does not work like this, so it is neither a
syllabary nor an alphabet.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">In
one way SignWriting is like the third type of script, a
<B>logography</B>. This type of script uses a different symbol for
each word. Many of the characters used for writing Chinese are like
this. Like these Chinese characters, each word written in SignWriting
has its own unique form. The dictionary tells us that “character"<B>
</B>just means any written symbol, and the term <B>character</B> seems to
fit quite well for these SignWritten words. For the smaller elements
that make up the character we can keep the word <B>symbol</B>.
(Technically, these smaller units are called graphs, but to avoid another
new term, we can just call them symbols.) A Chinese character though,
is made up of just lines and dots that have no phonetic meaning. By
contrast, the handshapes, movement arrows, and other symbols that make up a
SignWriting character most definitely do have phonetic values. So
SignWriting is not a logography either. It is not any of the three kinds of
script.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">Otto
Jesperson (1889) described a fourth type of script. He called it an
<B>antalphabetic</B> system1. The idea was to use, not
arbitrary symbols, but symbols that would show how the speech sounds are
made. Any written character is composed of smaller elements like dots
and lines. Speech sounds are also composed of smaller elements.
They are what linguists call phonetic features--tongue placement, voicing,
lip rounding. Several of these features combine to make one speech
sound. Jesperson’s antalphabetic script linked these phonetic features
with the lines and dots of the written character. The symbols in such a
script don’t stand for sounds but for these smaller elements of the
sounds. It takes several of these feature-symbols to make up one
character. That is the definition of an antalphabetic script.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">Geoffrey
Sampson (1985) described some real scripts that indicate phonetic
features. One is Pitman Shorthand, which uses a dark line for voiced
sounds and a light line for unvoiced sounds. Which way the line slants
shows where the sound is made, and the straightness of the line shows how it
is made. His other example is the script used in Korea. Some of
its symbols use a horizontal line for the roof of the mouth, and where a
second line contacts this one shows where in the mouth the sound is made.
The shape of the second line tells how the sound is made. The script
adds an extra line to the symbol for the “tense aspirated” sounds that are
common in Korean. A diagram of the mouth indicates sounds made with
the lips.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">Incidentally,
notice how these symbols are not just arbitrary. Their creator
designed them to be schematic diagrams of the body parts that make the
sounds. Linguists find this very impressive. Because of this
characteristic and because it is featural, the Korean script is often called
the world’s best writing system. Both these characteristics though,
are much more present in SignWriting.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">However,
both the Korean script and Pitman Shorthand are only partly featural.
Samson cites the feature grids used by linguists as purely featural, but
notes that these grids are “too cumbersome” to use as a script. He
stresses that any scripts “used in real life are not really pure, textbook
examples of one or another of these categories”(42). So up till now
the world has had no good examples of this featural, or antalphabetic fourth
type of script. Abercrombie 1967 defines it as a script that
“represents each segment by a composite symbol made up of a number of signs
put together”(112). This describes SignWriting perfectly. It is
a featural, antalphabetic script. SignWriting is an
<B>antalphabet</B>. We can say it is an antalphabet used to write
signed languages, just the same as an alphabet is used for spoken
languages.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">A
set of rules telling how to use a script for any particular language is
called an <B>orthography</B>. Spanish, English and Vietnamese are all
written using the same alphabetic script, but the rules are different.
Vietnamese doesn’t use the letter < f >; Spanish does.
Spanish writes < ll >; English writes < y >. Spanish puts
a question mark in front of a sentence; English puts it at the end.
Each language has its own rules for how to use the script.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">Different
languages written with SignWriting also have different orthographies.
Spanish Sign Language uses SignWriting’s contact symbol. Danish Sign
Language doesn’t. Nicaraguan Sign Language underlines proper
names. American Sign Language doesn’t. These languages are
written in SignWriting script, but with different orthographies.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">To
talk about signed languages some people still think that we shouldn’t use
the terms <B>phonetic, phonemes</B> or <B>phonology</B>. This is
because the “phon-“ in these words came for the Latin word for
“sound.” Also, many people think phonemes are sounds. This is not
accurate. The phoneme is just an abstract theoretical idea, neither a
sound nor anything visible. It happens that they were always expressed in
sound, but there was always a theoretical possibility of them being
something else. Then sign language came along, and now we see that
they can be expressed in signs or sounds, and possibly even in touch.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">Many
people confuse phonemes<B> </B>and<B> cheremes</B>. Originally these
were thought to be equivalents, but research has clearly shown that they are
different things. Cheremes are the handshapes, movements and such that
make up a sign. They happen at the same time. That’s impossible for
phonemes, since by definition phonemes happen one after the other. So
cheremes and phonemes are two different things.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">If
“chereme” was going to replace a word used for speech, the word would be
“<B>paramete</B>r”, not phoneme. Parameters are what we use to describe
vowels {height, frontness...}, consonants {manner, place...} and now signs
{movement, location...}. Chereme and parameter refer to exactly the
same thing, although nobody uses either one of these terms, except
linguists.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">ASL
was recognized as a language when scientists proved it has all the levels of
linguistic structure. Phonology is one of these levels, along with
syntax, morphology and phonetics. If it didn’t have them, it wouldn’t
be a language. The terminology doesn’t refer to what form the
linguistic units (segments) may take, but to how they are organized.
However the units may look or sound, they are organized the same way.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR
class=webkit-block-placeholder> </DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">By
now every important phonological theory has been used successfully with sign
language. In other words, theories developed to describe spoken language all
describe signed languages just as well. This is what we expect, since all
languages have a phonological, and a phonetic, structure. There is no
shortage today of papers, books, and even international conferences
discussing aspects of sign language phonetics and phonology, where people
use these words without any qualifications. They have become standard
terms. The fact that the name “phon-” is Latin for sound shouldn’t
bother us any more than the fact that “phony” originally meant a gold-plated
ring; or that Greenland is mostly ice.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36px; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">SignWriting
is an <B>antalphabet</B> that shows us the phonology of signed languages in
just the same way as our alphabet shows us the phonology of speech. Its
written <B>characters</B> are made up of <B>symbols</B> that show phonetic
details. Like the alphabet, it is a type of <B>notation</B> and uses
different <B>orthographies</B> for different languages. It is a way to read
and write any signed language, just as the alphabet is one way to read and
write spoken language.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">BIBLIOGRAPHY</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -36px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 36px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">Abercrombie,
D. 1967. <I>Elements of General Phonetics.</I> Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">Anderson,
S.R. 1993. “Linguistic Expression and its Relation to Modality” in
<I>Phonetics and Phonology: Current Issues in ASL Phonology</I></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"> iconicity
p116 , also the best argument against using the term phonology<I>
HV2474.C87</I></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -36px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 36px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">Coulmas,
Florian. 1996. <I>Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems.</I> Oxford,
U.K.:Blackwell.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -36px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 36px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">Daniels,
Peter T. 1996. “The Study of Writing Systems” in Daniels, Peter T.
& Bright, William (eds) <I>The Worlds Writing Systems.</I> NY:
Oxford.<SPAN style="WHITE-SPACE: pre" class=Apple-tab-span>
</SPAN>P211.w714</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -36px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 36px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">DeFrancis,
John. <I>Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems.
</I>Honolulu: U of Hawaii Press.<SPAN style="WHITE-SPACE: pre"
class=Apple-tab-span> </SPAN>P211.d36</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -36px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 36px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">Gelb.
1980. “Principles of writing systems within the frames of visual
communication” in (ed) P. A. Koler, M. E. Wrolstad & H. Boumas,
<I>Processing of Visible Language Vol II. </I>NY: Plenum.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">Harris,
Roy 1995. <I>Signs of Writing</I>. NY: Routledge.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">Jesperson,
Otto. 1889. <I>The Articulation of Speech Sounds.</I> Marburg.</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 18px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -36px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 36px; FONT: 16px Arial; COLOR: rgb(33,33,33)">Sampson,
Geoffrey. 1985. <I>Writing systems: a Linguistic Introduction. </I>Stanford:
Stanford U Press.<SPAN style="WHITE-SPACE: pre" class=Apple-tab-span>
</SPAN>P211.s36</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>------------------------</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>On Oct 11, 2011, at 3:21 PM, Valerie Sutton wrote:</DIV><BR
class=Apple-interchange-newline>
<BLOCKQUOTE type="cite">
<DIV
style="WORD-WRAP: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space">SignWriting
List
<DIV>October 11, 2011</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Dear SignWriting List Members, and Joe -</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Early in 2011, Joe Martin sent me some files on his research on
SignWriting, to post on the web and on this List.</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Thank you, Joe, for sharing your work with us. Your files are now
posted on the web here:</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>SignWriting in Linguistics</DIV>
<DIV><A
href="http://www.signwriting.org/forums/linguistics/">http://www.signwriting.org/forums/linguistics/</A></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Joe received his Masters Degree in Linguistics at the University of
South Carolina in 2007.</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Both the Abstract and the full thesis are now posted on the web for
download. I also placed the Abstract inside the thesis.</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Abstract</DIV>
<DIV>Writing and Signed Languages</DIV>
<DIV><A
href="http://www.signwriting.org/archive/docs7/sw0673_JoeMartin_MAThesis2007_Abstract.pdf">http://www.signwriting.org/archive/docs7/sw0673_JoeMartin_MAThesis2007_Abstract.pdf</A></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Masters Degree Thesis</DIV>
<DIV>Writing and Signed Languages</DIV>
<DIV><A
href="http://www.SignWriting.org/archive/docs6/sw0519-JoeMartin-MAThesis2007.pdf">http://www.SignWriting.org/archive/docs6/sw0519-JoeMartin-MAThesis2007.pdf</A></DIV>
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<DIV>Joe is a member of this List...</DIV>
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<DIV
style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT: 12px 'Times New Roman'"><BR></DIV>
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 24px Arial"><B>Writing
and Signed Languages</B></DIV>
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 14px Arial">by Joe C.
Martin</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 16px; FONT: 14px Arial"><BR></DIV>
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 14px Arial">Submitted
in Partial Fulfillment of the</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 14px Arial">Requirements for
the Degree of Master of Arts</DIV>
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 14px Arial">in the
Linguistics Program</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 16px; FONT: 14px Arial"><BR></DIV>
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 14px Arial">College of
Arts and Sciences</DIV>
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 14px Arial">University
of South Carolina</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 16px; FONT: 14px Arial"><BR></DIV>
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 14px Arial">2007</DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT: 18px Arial"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT: 18px Arial"><BR></DIV>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 18px Arial"><B>ABSTRACT</B> </DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT: 18px Arial"><BR></DIV>
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 18px Arial">The idea
of a written form for signed languages has been controversial, and this
paper presents a series of experiments designed to provide answers. The
findings:</DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN: 0px; MIN-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT: 18px Arial"><BR></DIV>
<UL style="LIST-STYLE-TYPE: disc">
<LI style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 18px Arial">writing a signed language is
in fact possible, using SignWriting, but not using another script.
(experiments 1 and 2)
<LI style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 18px Arial">
<LI style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 18px Arial">a script for signed languages
must be arranged in the nonlinear fashion employed by SignWriting and
not in the linear manner of scripts for spoken language. (experiment
three)
<LI style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 18px Arial">
<LI style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 18px Arial">our brains process SignWriting
in the same manner they process scripts for spoken language.
(experiments 4 and 5)
<LI style="MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 18px Arial"></LI></UL>
<DIV
style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0px; FONT: 18px Arial">Conclusion:
reading and writing is the same for both sign and speech, and SignWriting
is just another writing system like any other.</DIV></DIV>
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