<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Dear colleagues,</div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div dir="ltr">I'm sorry for my late response. I'm now in a remote area in Kachin State, Burma, for fieldwork and was away from email.<br><div><br></div><div>As far as I know, the direction of lexical borrowing between Shan and Jinghpaw has mostly been from Shan to Jinghpaw, so I'm not sure that the Jinghpaw word <i>phyen</i> "enemy, soldier" entered into Shan. Actually Jinghpaw borrowed another word for "soldier," i.e., <i>lùksùk, </i>from Shan, i.e., <i>luk3 sʰɯk4</i>.</div><div><br></div><div>In Shan State, where the Pyen people live, there is a large Jinghpaw community (especially in Kutkai and Nam Hpat Kar in northern area), but their migration is relatively recent according to the Jinghpaws living there, as also reflected in the fact that the Jinghpaw dialect spoken there is very close to those spoken in Bhamo and Myitkyina of Kachin State. </div><div><br></div><div>As Stephen suggested, the cognates of <i>phyen</i> "enemy, soldier" are shared by almost all Jinghpaw varieties, e.g., <i>pheen</i> in Turung (Assam), <i>fyên</i> in Gauri (eastern Kachin State), <i>fin</i> in Dingga (northern Kachin State), and <i>phyen</i> in Jinghpaw spoken in Shan State, so this word should be relatively old.</div><div><br></div><div>Keita</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">2018年12月3日(月) 8:52 Stephen Morey <<a href="mailto:S.Morey@latrobe.edu.au" target="_blank">S.Morey@latrobe.edu.au</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
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<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">Dear Everyone,</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">I was going to add that in t<span>he Turung variety of Singpho there is a word pheen (with an initial pʰ, no palatal -y- and a long vowel) meaning war or battle, pheen la meaning soldier.
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<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px"><span>Stephen</span><br>
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<div class="gmail-m_3771829827482556495m_-498738759193647761PlainText"><font size="3" face="Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Stephen Morey<br>
Senior Lecturer in Linguistics<br>
Department of Languages and Linguistics<br>
La Trobe University<br>
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<div class="gmail-m_3771829827482556495m_-498738759193647761PlainText"><font size="3" face="Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Website: <a href="http://www.latrobe.edu.au/humanities/about/staff/profile?uname=Smorey" class="gmail-m_3771829827482556495m_-498738759193647761OWAAutoLink" id="gmail-m_3771829827482556495m_-498738759193647761LPNoLP" target="_blank">http://www.latrobe.edu.au/humanities/about/staff/profile?uname=Smorey</a></font><font size="3" face="Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><a href="http://www.latrobe.edu.au/rclt/StaffPages/morey.htm" id="gmail-m_3771829827482556495m_-498738759193647761LPNoLP" target="_blank"></a></font></div>
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<div id="gmail-m_3771829827482556495m_-498738759193647761divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Tibeto-burman-linguistics <<a href="mailto:tibeto-burman-linguistics-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">tibeto-burman-linguistics-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Nathan Straub 曹內森 <<a href="mailto:nstraub@gmail.com" target="_blank">nstraub@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, 3 December 2018 12:34:08 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> David Bradley<br>
<b>Cc:</b> Tibeto-Burman Linguistics; <a href="mailto:vaninaboute@gmail.com" target="_blank">vaninaboute@gmail.com</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Tibeto-burman-linguistics] Etymology of the ethnonym Hpyen and variants</font>
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<div>In Jinghpaw, hpyen /pʰjen/ means 'adversary, enemy, war, battle', and hpyen ma /pʰjen mà/ or hpyen măsha /pʰjen măʃà/ means ˈsoldierˈ.</div>
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<div dir="ltr">In Rawang, pin /pʰin/ or pyen /pʰjen/ means ˈarmyˈ or ˈsoldierˈ, and pinla /pʰinla/ (Matwanɡ dialect) or penla /pʰenla/ (Daru dialect) means ˈsoldierˈ.</div>
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<div dir="ltr">I'm not sure how far away the Jinghpaw are from the Pyen, but maybe it's an areal loanword from Jinghpaw that entered local spoken Shan but not the dictionary.</div>
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<div dir="ltr">Nathan</div>
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<div dir="ltr">On Mon, Dec 3, 2018, 07:48 David Bradley <<a href="mailto:D.Bradley@latrobe.edu.au" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">D.Bradley@latrobe.edu.au</a> wrote:<br>
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<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">Dear colleagues, <br>
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">I have not yet seen this book, if anyone has a PDF copy I would be most interested.</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">The attachment is the Bisoid section of a forthcoming atlas.
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<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">The Burmese exonym Hpyin(g) and the Chinese exonym 老品 refer to the Bisu in Burmese and Chinese respectively. Some Burmese exonyms in this area were borrowed from Shan, like the former Burmese exonyms for the Lahu, Akha
and (southern) Lisu.<br>
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<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">The Bisu have visited back and forth over the last fifteen or so years between Thailand, Burma and China and can communicate in Bisu, despite many years of separation. The Bisu in Thailand think that they came (perhaps
as war captives) from what is now the Eastern Shan State circa 1850; this is the area where the Bisu in Burma (and one village nearby in China) still live. A Bisu monk from Burma visited the Bisu in Thailand about 60 years ago, the Bisu and others in Thailand
are helping the Bisu in Burma to develop an orthography, and the Bisu in Burma and China are now intermarrying. The Bisu have no military tradition that I know of; in this they may be unlike the Phunoi, who have served in a variety of armies over the last
few hundred years.<br>
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<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">As far as I know, there is no Shan word like [ph(j)in] for 'mercenary' or 'soldier'. The closest is Chinese 兵 which is of course unaspirated, unlike the Chinese and Burmese exonyms which are both aspirated. The aspirated/unaspirated
contrast is stable in Bisoid languages.</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">Phunoi and Côông are apparently quite closely related. There is some linguistic data on the dialects of Phunoi collected by Sue Wright, and very limited Côông data in various Vietnamese sources. More data on Phunoi
dialects and Côông would be most welcome!<br>
</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">Bisu and Laomian (who live a bit further north) are fairly closely related, but not mutually intelligible; there is a lot of Bisu and Laomian linguistic data available. Sangkong is documented in one book in Chinese,
and is distinct from the other two clusters.</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">All these languages have long been in contact with various Tai languages, and have many Tai loanwords: Tai Ly, Tai Khyn or Tai Neu, and more recently Kham Muang and Thai into Bisu in Thailand.<br>
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<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">david<br>
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<div class="gmail-m_3771829827482556495m_-498738759193647761x_m_-8450300438978043578m_6985592822188793143PlainText">Prof David Bradley FASSA FAHA<br>
Linguistics<br>
La Trobe University VIC 3086<br>
Australia</div>
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<div id="gmail-m_3771829827482556495m_-498738759193647761x_m_-8450300438978043578m_6985592822188793143divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Tibeto-burman-linguistics <<a href="mailto:tibeto-burman-linguistics-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">tibeto-burman-linguistics-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
on behalf of Patrick McCormick <<a href="mailto:mccormick.yangon@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">mccormick.yangon@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, 2 December 2018 3:35:07 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:tibeto-burman-linguistics@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">
tibeto-burman-linguistics@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Tibeto-burman-linguistics] Etymology of the ethnonym Hpyen and variants</font>
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<div>Dear Colleagues,</div>
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<div>I've been reading Vanina Bouté's _Mirroring Power: Ethnogenesis among the Phunoy of Northern Laos_.</div>
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<div>She claims (p 16) that the name Pyen is from Shan; then later (p41) talks about Hpyen meaning "mercenary" in Shan. That py- initial doesn't look native Shan to me (it seems common in loanwords, however). Cushing's Shan-English dictionary lists nothing
like it. <br>
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<div>My questions: <br>
</div>
<div>1) is "(H)pyen an exonym?</div>
<div>2) Does it have any recoverable meaning in Phunoi or Bisu? <br>
</div>
<div><br>
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<div>Any leads would be appreciated. My interest is in the idea of some of these groups supposedly having their origins in Burma as mercenaries and where this idea came from.</div>
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<div>Patrick McCormick<br>
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