<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Dear Mickey,<div><br></div><div>Great questions! I'm secretly enjoying the fact that this research I did several years ago has actually generated some more inquiry :). See my responses in-text below:</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, Feb 14, 2026 at 1:25 AM Yuan-Lin Yang <<a href="mailto:firstboy11th@gmail.com">firstboy11th@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Dear Jesse,<div><br></div><div>Thank you very much for your informative description on Stau 'cousin'-like (?) expressions. It stirs my interest when I see the declarative/possessive forms contain complex/compound modifiers <i>tʰɛv(=ɡə ŋə-rə)</i>, and I have a number of questions on it. </div><div><br></div></div></blockquote><div>I should specify that the data I'm using is primarily from Shenya Stau, but, in many ways, is representative of, or very similar to, other varieties of Stau. </div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div></div><div>First, does <i>tʰɛv</i> mean relative? In Taunggyi Pa'O, the word for 'relatives' is <i>pʰû-ê</i> (" ̂ " stands for high tone), in which <i>pʰû </i>means' 'younger relative(s)', and <i>ê</i> 'older relative(s). </div></div></blockquote><div> </div><div>From my consultants' perspective, yes, <i>tʰɛv</i> means something like 'relative' (亲戚) or even something like 'cousin' (表). However, since this is an idiomatic and conventionalized (lexicalized) phrase, I don't think it reflects the historical or "basic" meaning. Besides this one phrase, <i>tʰɛv</i> is not found elsewhere in Stau; the typical term for 'relative' is <i>ɲivæ</i>. Most likely <i>tʰɛv</i> was borrowed from G.yukhog Tibetan (玉科草原藏话). </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div><br></div><div>Second, it's interesting to see that the declarative/possessive forms are longer. To me <i>tʰɛv(=ɡə ŋə-rə)</i> works really like a predicate or relative clause. </div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>It could be that historically <i>tʰɛv=ɡə ŋə-rə </i>was a relative (no pun intended) clause; I'm open to that interpretation. But that wouldn't negate the fact that it is functioning in a copula clause and is declarative. From my research on this, clauses with <i>=ɡə ŋə-rə </i>are simple copular clauses that introduce new participants, e.g., <i>veqe=gə ŋə-rə </i>'there was a rabbit', which wouldn't be a relative clause since it is just stating existence, no embedding, not identifying or narrowing down a particular rabbit, no modifying function. You can see my dissertation and some other papers by Jackson Sun and Tian Qianzi on relative clauses in Horpa varieties. However, as I said earlier, no matter what this clause was, it has become just an idiomatic thing at the moment; in a sense, it is meaningless and just connected to the cousin idiom (sort of like the "once removed" idiom in English). </div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div> Especially, I wonder why the sensory evidential <i>-rə</i> is used.</div></div></blockquote><div> </div><div>The sensory evidential is used because this is the conventional way to make factual copula clause statements concerning third person referents, e.g., <i>tʰɛ=ɣə tʂæɕi ŋə-rə </i>'He is Bkrashis'. For more on the sensory evidential used in copula clauses, please see my dissertation (I can send it to you off-list). </div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>Is <i>-rə</i> used even when the relative is not in presence?</div></div></blockquote><div> </div><div>Yes. </div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>Or is<i> =ɡə ŋə-rə</i> not used in this case? </div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>There is no real difference; it is more a speaker preference thing than a grammatical thing. </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div><br></div><div>Also, is <i>-rə</i> borrowed from G.yukhog Tibetan as well? Or it should be consider as a cognate? (Sorry that I am not very familiar with Tibetic & rGyalrongic languages). </div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>I am not sure about the history of <i>-rə. </i>It sure looks the same, but looks can be deceiving! It is quite widespread in Western Gyalrongic (which branched out maybe about 3000 years ago), and it may be cognate with the Khroskyabs prefix rə- (which is from a directional), so I'm inclined to think it already existed in West Gyalrongic before these lects came into contact with anything that resembled Tibetan. All Horpa varieties have <i>-rə</i> (splitting up maybe roughly 2000 years ago). Maybe by contact, we see it move to the suffix position? Maybe the two languages have separate forms that have become more similar to each other due to contact? This is all pure speculation. Tian & Sun (2023) analyze <i>-rə </i>as an 'immediate evidential' in Gexi, and I may need to revise my terminology and my understanding of this suffix. Their analysis looks quite solid. </div><div><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>And it's cool to know that <i>nə-ret</i> is obligatory, because a friend of mine told me that evidential copula of such a kind is not found in the possessive/referential 'cousin'-like kinship terms of the Tibetan variety she works on.</div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>The variety of Tibetan I'm dealing with is G.yukhog Tibetan (玉科草原). It doesn't surprise me that the variety your friend works on could be totally different for something like this. </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div><br></div><div>On the other hand, thank you also for point out the distinction between vocative and possessive/declarative. In the data I elicited, it is in the latter form, but not the former. I will try to elicit the vocative form in the next field sessions.</div><div><br></div></div></blockquote><div>Keep questioning. Glad to be of any help. </div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div></div><div>Best,</div><div>Mickey.</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Jesse P. Gates <<a href="mailto:stauskad@gmail.com" target="_blank">stauskad@gmail.com</a>> 於 2026年2月11日週三 上午5:50寫道:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Dear Mickey,<div><br></div><div>Many TB languages lack a specific kinship term for 'cousin'. Stau does not have specific kinship terms for 'cousin', but rather uses 'brother' or 'sister' for the vocative, and for possessive/declarative, an idiomatic tʰɛv(=ɡə ŋə-rə) following 'brother' or 'sister'. So, for example, </div><div><br></div><div>Vocative: æti ‘mohter's brother's son (older than ego)’ </div><div>Possessive/declarative: æti tʰɛv(=ɡə ŋə-rə)ˈ ‘mohter's brother's son (older than ego)’ </div><div>Vocative: ædæ ‘mohter's brother's daughter (older than ego)’ </div><div>Possessive/declarative: ædæ ˈtʰɛv(=ɡə ŋə-rə) ‘‘mohter's brother's daughter (older than ego)’ ’</div><div><br></div><div>tʰɛv(=ɡə ŋə-rə) means ‘is a relative’. The ending =ɡə ŋə-rə is the indefinite article + copula + sensory evidential. The modifier <i>tʰɛv</i> was borrowed from the G.yukhog Tibetan <i>tʰov</i> (WT: <i>thov</i>) phrase <i>tʰov-nə-ret</i>, but in G.yukhog Tibetan <i>=nə-ret</i> is not optional.</div><div><br></div><div>If you haven't already, I also suggest that you determine whether there are some differences between vocative and possessive/declarative, and what the terms are for each. Many languages, so some differences between "what I call a relative" vs. "what that relative is called." </div><div><br></div><div>One interesting thing about most Gyalrongic languages is that they distinguish 'male-speaking' vs. 'female-speaking' (it is actually based on the sex of the referent, not the speaker, unless the speaker is the referent) for older and younger siblings. See below for this in Stau.</div><div><br></div><div><img src="cid:ii_mlh4juy01" alt="Screenshot 2026-02-11 at 5.40.05 AM.png" width="487" height="238"><br></div><div>These analyses, along with other fun things about Stau kinship terminology, can be found in my 2023 LTBA article "Kinship terms in Stau" (attached). </div><div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, Feb 10, 2026 at 10:51 PM Yuan-Lin Yang <<a href="mailto:firstboy11th@gmail.com" target="_blank">firstboy11th@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Dear Tibeto-Burmanists:<div><br></div><div>I am currently working on Taunggyi (Northern) Pa'O, a Karenic language mainly spoken in the Shan State, Myanmar. Through yesterday's field session with my consultant, I learnt that their language does not have specific kinship terms for 'cousins' or 'ego's father/mother's brother/sister's child(ren)'. Instead, they just call them 'uncle/aunt's child/son/daughter' (but they do distinguish uncles or aunts of different ages and sides). And I have also tried to check whether such a phenomenon is prevalent in TB languages with ChatGPT, yet it has only found that Burmese, Lahu, and Lepcha seem to behave in the same way.</div><div><br></div><div>Thus, purely out of interest, I would like to know if similar phonomena is also found in the languages you work on. And if your language(s) happen to be other special cases, you are welcome to share as well.</div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div>Mickey,</div><div>MA student, Department of English, National Taiwan Normal University.</div></div>
_______________________________________________<br>
Tibeto-Burman-Linguistics mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Tibeto-Burman-Linguistics@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Tibeto-Burman-Linguistics@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/tibeto-burman-linguistics" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/tibeto-burman-linguistics</a><br>
</blockquote></div>
</blockquote></div>
</blockquote></div><div><br clear="all"></div><div><br></div><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0)">Best regards,</span><div><span style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0)"><br><b style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">Jesse P. Gates, PhD</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0)"><font color="#222222"><b>Project Director</b></font></span></div><div><font color="#222222">Stau Language Grammar and Documentation Project</font></div><div><font color="#222222">National Endowment for the Humanities (DLI-DEL Grant FN-298625-24)</font></div><div><font color="#222222"><b>Lecturer in Linguistics</b></font></div><div><span style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0)"><font color="#222222">Sichuan University, College of Foreign Languages 四川大学外语学院</font><br><font color="#1155cc"><u><a href="https://scu-cn.academia.edu/JesseGates" target="_blank">https://scu-cn.academia.edu/JesseGates</a></u></font><br></span></div><div><span style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0)"><font color="#1155cc"><u><br></u></font></span></div></div></div></div>