VYAKARAN: South Asian Languages and Linguistics Net
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<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Does anyone have a reference describing the
tense/aspect/mood of the Hindi construction:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>V-PERF to.be-PERF
PRES</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Or in words: the main semantic verb in the
perfective aspect, followed by "to.be" also in the perfective aspect, followed
by a tense auxiliary. For example,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"
size=3>
<DIV>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN lang=HI
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">मैंने<?xml:namespace
prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"
/><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN lang=HI
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">यह<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN lang=HI
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">काम<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN lang=HI
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">किया<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN lang=HI
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">हुआ</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN lang=HI
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">है।</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1">
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">mai.n-ne<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">y-ah<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
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vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">kaam<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
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vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ki-y-aa<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">hu-0-aa<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
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vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">h-ai</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes">
<TD
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1SG-ERG<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
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vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">PRX-sg<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">work<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">to.do-PERF-msg<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
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vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">to.be-PERF-msg<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">PRES-3sg</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>It seems to be some form of present perfect aspect,
but I need to understand how it is different from the regular present
perfect:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>
<TABLE class=MsoTableGrid
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<TBODY>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes">
<TD
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN lang=HI
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">मैंने<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN lang=HI
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">यह<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN lang=HI
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">काम<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN lang=HI
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">किया<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN lang=HI
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">है।</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1">
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">mai.n-ne<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">y-ah<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">kaam<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ki-y-aa<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">h-ai</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 2">
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1SG-ERG<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">PRX-sg<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">work<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">to.do-PERF-msg<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">PRES-3sg</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes">
<TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"
vAlign=top colSpan=5>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">I
have done this work.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>That is, what does the addition of "to.be" in the
perfective aspect do for it.</DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>[I'm asking, because Kangri and Dogri make this distinction
morphologically, and I'm trying to describe it].</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Thanks in advance,</DIV>
<DIV>Bob</DIV>
<DIV></FONT> </DIV></DIV></BODY></HTML>