VYAKARAN: South Asian Languages and Linguistics Net
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<TABLE class=MsoNormalTable style="WIDTH: 363.75pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=485 border=0> <TBODY> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 35.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=47 rowSpan=5> <div class=ExampleNumber><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p> </o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 294.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=392 colSpan=6> <div class=Text><B><SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">इला ने अनु को हार भेजा।</SPAN></B><o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE class=MsoNormalTable style="WIDTH: 363.75pt;
BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=485 border=0> <TBODY> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=47 rowSpan=5> <div class=ExampleNumber><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN><o:p> </o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 328.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=438 colSpan=8> <div class=Text><B><SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">इला ने हार अनु को भेजा।</SPAN></B><o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE class=MsoNormalTable style="WIDTH: 363.75pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=485 border=0> <TBODY> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=47 rowSpan=5> <div class=ExampleNumber><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN><o:p> </o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 328.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=438 colSpan=8> <div class=Text><B><SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">हार इला ने अनु को भेजा।</SPAN></B><o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <div> </div> <div>These three sentences have different meanings as well.</div> <div>1. (a) Ila sent a necklace to Anu.</div> <div>1. (b) Ila sent a necklace (and not something else) to Anu. </div> <div>2. It's Anu to whom Ila sent the necklace.<BR>3. It's Ila who sent the necklace to Anu.</div> <div> </div>
<div>Of course, there will be some stress on the specific word in the speech in case of 1(b), 2 & 3.</div> <div> </div> <div><FONT color=#ff0000><< That is, is it possible that if Anu had multiple sons, and the speaker and hearer <I>weren’t </I>already talking about any of them, could this sentence mean that one of her sons sent it to her? >></FONT></div> <div> </div> <div> But the structure of the sentence indicates that Anu has only one son. In case there are many sons, to be unambiguous one should use बड़े/ मँझले/ सँझले/ कँझले/ छोटे/ बेटे ने</div> <div> </div> <div>OR the context will decide indefinitess or definiteness.</div> <div> </div> <div>----Narayan Prasad</div> <div><B><I></I></B> </div> <div><B><I>Bob Eaton <pete_dembrowski@HOTMAIL.COM></I></B> wrote:</div> <BLOCKQUOTE class=replbq style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px;
BORDER-LEFT: #1010ff 2px solid"> <DIV class=Section1> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal>I have a question about the implications of various constituent orders in Hindi. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal>The following example (from T. Mohanan 1994) is considered to be the normal “unmarked” (or “canonical”) order for constituents in Hindi (where S=Subject/<SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Mangal','serif'">कर्ता</SPAN>, O=Object/<SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Mangal','serif'">कर्म</SPAN>, IO=Indirect Object, and V=Verb/<SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Mangal','serif'">क्रिया</SPAN>):<o:p></o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <TABLE class=MsoNormalTable style="WIDTH: 363.75pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=485 border=0> <TBODY> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT:
0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 35.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=47 rowSpan=5> <div class=ExampleNumber><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN><o:p> </o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 294.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=392 colSpan=6> <div class=Text><B><SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">इला ने अनु को हार भेजा।</SPAN></B><o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 27pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=36> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ilaa<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM:
0in; WIDTH: 27pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=36> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ne<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 27pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=36> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>anu<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 31.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=42> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ko<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 58.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=78> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>haaɾ<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 123.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in"
vAlign=top width=164> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>bhej-0-aa<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 5.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 27pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=36> <div class=GlossEnglish>Ila<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 27pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=36> <div class=GlossEnglish><SPAN class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS>erg<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 27pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=36> <div class=GlossEnglish>Anu<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 31.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=42>
<div class=GlossEnglish>DAT<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 58.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=78> <div class=GlossEnglish>necklace<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 123.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=164> <div class=GlossEnglish>send-<SPAN class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS>perf</SPAN></SPAN>-ms<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 5.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 0.75in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=72 colSpan=2> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ S }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 58.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=78 colSpan=2> <div
class=ConstituentLine>{ IO }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 58.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=78> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ O }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 123.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=164> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ V }<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 294.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=392 colSpan=6> <div class=FreeTranslation>Ila sent Anu a/the necklace<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal>Notice how the object can have either a definite or indefinite interpretation (i.e. “a necklace” or “the
necklace”). She suggests that if you move the object from this “canonical” position, it loses the indefinite interpretation:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <TABLE class=MsoNormalTable style="WIDTH: 363.75pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=485 border=0> <TBODY> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=47 rowSpan=5> <div class=ExampleNumber><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN><o:p> </o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 328.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=438 colSpan=8> <div class=Text><B><SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">इला ने हार अनु को
भेजा।</SPAN></B><o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 27.45pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=37> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ilaa<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 27pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=36> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ne<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 0.85in; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=82 colSpan=3> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>haaɾ<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 31.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=42> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN
class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>anu<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 33.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=44> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ko<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 148.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=198> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>bhej-0-aa<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 5.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 27.45pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=37> <div class=GlossEnglish>Ila<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 27pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=36> <div
class=GlossEnglish><SPAN class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS>erg<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 0.85in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=82 colSpan=3> <div class=GlossEnglish>necklace<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 31.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=42> <div class=GlossEnglish>Anu<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 33.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=44> <div class=GlossEnglish>DAT<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 148.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=198> <div class=GlossEnglish>send-<SPAN class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS>perf</SPAN></SPAN>-ms<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR
style="HEIGHT: 5.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 54.45pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=73 colSpan=2> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ S }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 0.85in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=82 colSpan=3> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ O }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 0.9in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=86 colSpan=2> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ IO }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 148.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=198> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ V }<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR
style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 328.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=438 colSpan=8> <div class=FreeTranslation>Ila sent Anu the/*a necklace<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=47 rowSpan=5> <div class=ExampleNumber><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN><o:p> </o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 328.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=438 colSpan=8> <div class=Text><B><SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">हार इला ने अनु को भेजा।</SPAN></B><o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="page-break-inside:
avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 0.85in; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=82 colSpan=3> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>haaɾ<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 27.45pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=37> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ilaa<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 27pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=36> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ne<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 31.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=42> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>anu<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 33.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=44> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ko<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 148.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=198> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>bhej-0-aa<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 5.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 0.85in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=82 colSpan=3> <div class=GlossEnglish>necklace<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 27.45pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=37> <div class=GlossEnglish>Ila<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in;
PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 27pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=36> <div class=GlossEnglish><SPAN class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS>erg<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 31.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=42> <div class=GlossEnglish>Anu<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 33.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=44> <div class=GlossEnglish>DAT<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 148.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=198> <div class=GlossEnglish>send-<SPAN class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS>perf</SPAN></SPAN>-ms<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 5.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT:
0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 0.85in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=82 colSpan=3> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ O }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 54.45pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=73 colSpan=2> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ S }<SPAN class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 0.9in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=86 colSpan=2> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ IO }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 148.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=198> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ V }<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 328.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=438 colSpan=8> <div class=FreeTranslation>Ila sent Anu the/*a necklace<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR height=0> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=47></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=37></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=36></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=9></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=37></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium
none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=36></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=42></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=44></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=198></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal>Notice in these two examples that the interpretation of necklace must be definite (i.e. “the neckless”).<o:p></o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal>She then goes on to say that this “shift from canonical position” will do the same thing to the subject. For which she gives the following two examples:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <TABLE class=MsoNormalTable
style="WIDTH: 397.5pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=530 border=0> <TBODY> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 36.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=48 rowSpan=5> <div class=ExampleNumber><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN><o:p> </o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 361.45pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=482 colSpan=12> <div class=Text><B><SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">सुनार ने अनु को हार भेजा।</SPAN></B><o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 0.95in; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=91
colSpan=3> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>sunaaɾ<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 29.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=40> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ne<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 31.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=42 colSpan=2> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>anu<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 36.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=48> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ko<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 67.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=91
colSpan=3> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>haaɾ<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 127.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=170 colSpan=2> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>bhej-0-aa<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 5.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 0.95in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=91 colSpan=3> <div class=GlossEnglish><SPAN lang=IS>goldsmith<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 29.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=40> <div class=GlossEnglish><SPAN class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS>erg<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in;
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 31.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=42 colSpan=2> <div class=GlossEnglish>Anu<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 36.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=48> <div class=GlossEnglish>DAT<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 67.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=91 colSpan=3> <div class=GlossEnglish>necklace<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 127.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=170 colSpan=2> <div class=GlossEnglish>send-<SPAN class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS>perf</SPAN></SPAN>-ms<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 5.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH:
98.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=131 colSpan=4> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ S }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 67.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=90 colSpan=3> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ IO }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 67.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=91 colSpan=3> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ O }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 127.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=170 colSpan=2> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ V }<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT:
0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 361.45pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=482 colSpan=12> <div class=FreeTranslation>The/?a goldsmith sent Anu a/the necklace<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 36.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=48 rowSpan=5> <div class=ExampleNumber><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN><o:p> </o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 347.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=463 colSpan=11> <div class=Text><B><SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">अनु को हार सुनार ने भेजा।</SPAN></B><o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none;
PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=18> <div class=MsoNormal> </div></TD></TR> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 33.45pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=45> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>anu<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 30.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=41> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ko<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 61.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=82 colSpan=3> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>haaɾ<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT:
0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 71pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=95 colSpan=3> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>sunaaɾ<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 22.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=31> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ne<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 128.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=171 colSpan=2> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>bhej-0-aa<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=18> <div class=MsoNormal> </div></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 5.65pt;
page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 33.45pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=45> <div class=GlossEnglish>Anu<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 30.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=41> <div class=GlossEnglish>DAT<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 61.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=82 colSpan=3> <div class=GlossEnglish>necklace<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 71pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=95 colSpan=3> <div class=GlossEnglish><SPAN lang=IS>goldsmith<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 22.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in;
HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=31> <div class=GlossEnglish><SPAN class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS>erg<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 128.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=171 colSpan=2> <div class=GlossEnglish>send-<SPAN class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS>perf</SPAN></SPAN>-ms<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=18> <div class=MsoNormal> </div></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 5.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 63.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=85 colSpan=2> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ IO }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in;
PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 61.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=82 colSpan=3> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ O }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 93.95pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=125 colSpan=4> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ S }<SPAN class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 128.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=171 colSpan=2> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ V }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=18> <div
class=MsoNormal> </div></TD></TR> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 347.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=463 colSpan=11> <div class=FreeTranslation>The/*a goldsmith sent Anu the/*a necklace<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=18> <div class=MsoNormal> </div></TD></TR> <TR height=0> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=48></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=45></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=41></TD> <TD
style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=6></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=40></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=36></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=6></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=48></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=41></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=31></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none;
BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=19></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=152></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none" width=18></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal>My question is, I think it’s the choice of subject noun that is causing this effect and I think if it were a different noun which more readily lent itself to indefiniteness, this final example could have an indefinite subject interpretation. Maybe since goldsmiths aren’t that common, they don’t easily lend themselves to being indefinite (notice in (5) that she’s not even sure the indefinite interpretation is possible when it’s in the sentence-initial position; by having put the “?” in front of the indefinite “a”
interpretation).<o:p></o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal>So, my question is, if she had used “child” (son or daughter) instead of “goldsmith” would the indefinite interpretation still be possible:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <TABLE class=MsoNormalTable style="WIDTH: 397.5pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=530 border=0> <TBODY> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 40.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=54 rowSpan=5> <div class=ExampleNumber><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></SPAN><o:p> </o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 357.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in"
vAlign=top width=476 colSpan=6> <div class=Text><B><SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">अनु को हार बेटे ने भेजा।</SPAN></B><o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 33.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=45> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>anu<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 28.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=37> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ko<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 62.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=83> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>haaɾ<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in;
PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 37.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=50> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS style="COLOR: red">be</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">Te</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS style="COLOR: red"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 0.5in; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=48> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>ne<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 159.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=213> <div class=Morpheme><SPAN class=LatinTranscription><SPAN lang=IS>bhej-0-aa<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 5.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 33.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in;
HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=45> <div class=GlossEnglish>Anu<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 28.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=37> <div class=GlossEnglish>DAT<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 62.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=83> <div class=GlossEnglish>necklace<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 37.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=50> <div class=GlossEnglish><SPAN lang=IS style="COLOR: red">son<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 0.5in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=48> <div class=GlossEnglish><SPAN class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS>erg<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 159.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=213> <div class=GlossEnglish>send-<SPAN class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS>perf</SPAN></SPAN>-ms<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 5.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 61.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=82 colSpan=2> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ IO }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 62.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=83> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ P }<o:p></o:p></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 73.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=98 colSpan=2> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ A }<SPAN
class=DefinedWord><SPAN lang=IS><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></div></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 159.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 5.65pt" vAlign=top width=213> <div class=ConstituentLine>{ V }<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR> <TR style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.05in; PADDING-LEFT: 0.05in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; WIDTH: 357.25pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in" vAlign=top width=476 colSpan=6> <div class=FreeTranslation>The/a son sent Anu the/*a necklace<o:p></o:p></div></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal>That is, is it possible that if Anu had multiple sons, and the speaker and hearer <I>weren’t </I>already talking about any of them, could this sentence mean that one of her sons sent it to her?<o:p></o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal>You could Imagine this
conversation between two friends of Anu who are looking at her from across a room, who both know her very well and know that she has 3 sons (AND discussed without a hint of <SPAN class=ehm><SPAN class=ehm0 title="Search ईर्ष्या" style="CURSOR: pointer">ईर्ष्या :-)</SPAN></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Mangal','serif'">सहेली </SPAN>1: Wow, look at the necklace and earrings that Anu has on! They’re beautiful!<o:p></o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Mangal','serif'">सहेली </SPAN>2: Yes they are. <B><SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Mangal','serif'">उस</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=AR-SA style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Mangal','serif'">को हार बेटे ने भेजा</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Mangal','serif'">।</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Mangal','serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal>Can this just mean “one of her sons sent it”?<o:p></o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal>I do agree that if you put <SPAN lang=AR-SA style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'">हार</SPAN><SPAN lang=AR-SA style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Mangal','serif'"> </SPAN>farther to the left in the sentence (as in 2 and 3), that it does not allow an indefinite interpretation, but I feel like moving something to the position just before the verb does not preclude the indefinite interpretation.</div> <div class=MsoNormal> </div> <div class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial><FONT size=3><FONT face=Calibri>Or even if indefiniteness is not possible, it seems to me that</FONT> <SPAN lang=HI style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Mangal','serif'">सहेली </SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>2's reply would have to be as given above, because both "her"
and "necklace" are known discourse entities, whereas the son has yet to be talked about. It seems to me that the Principle of Natural Information Flow (known information first, followed by unknown information ) would prefer the order with the subject last...</FONT></FONT></FONT></div> <div class=MsoNormal><FONT size=3></FONT> </div> <div class=MsoNormal>Thanks for any feedback you have,<o:p></o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal>Bob<o:p></o:p></div> <div class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><BR><p>
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