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<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;color:#008000;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:12px;" id="top">Contents</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:1pt;padding-right:6pt;text-align:left;">1. Feedback, Notes and Comments.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:1pt;padding-right:6pt;text-align:left;">2. Help wanted.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:1pt;padding-right:6pt;text-align:left;">3. Manicule.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:1pt;padding-right:6pt;text-align:left;">4. Snippets.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:1pt;padding-right:6pt;text-align:left;">5. Old besom.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:1pt;padding-right:6pt;text-align:left;">6. Sic!</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:1pt;padding-right:6pt;text-align:left;">7. Useful information.</p>
<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;color:#008000;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:12px;">1. Feedback, Notes and Comments</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;">Brown as a berry</b> A few readers creatively suggested that if grapes were called berries then dried grapes such as raisins would be brown enough to fit the description. Drying grapes to preserve them would seem to be as ancient as growing vines but drying them in our damp English climate would have been a chancy business. The evidence I’ve found is that in post-Conquest England raisins were imported as a luxury good. By 1300, they already had that name, so Chaucer would have been unlikely to call them berries.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">Michael Keating wrote “The term may find its origin in the Anglo-Saxon for a bear. The colour brown was associated with bears in ancient French.” That’s an interesting suggestion, but bears were almost certainly extinct in Britain by the Anglo-Saxon period and <i>brown as a bear</i> isn’t on record.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">Bo Bergman emailed from Sweden: “It might be of interest that the related Swedish word <i>brun</i> has or has had the meanings ‘black, dark; dark red; reddish-brown’. Swedish <i>brunbär</i> (literally ‘brown berry’) means ‘morello cherry’. In Old French <i>brun</i> could mean ‘a dark color between red and black, especially of the complexion’.”</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">“I have heard the term, <i>brown as a berry</i>, but infrequently,” wrote Terry Long. “My older relatives, many of whom were from the southern USA, would say <i>brown as a nut</i>. Parts of the southern USA used to have forests of nut trees, such as pecans and walnuts, so I would imagine such variation would come naturally.”</p>
<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;color:#008000;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:12px;">2. Help wanted</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">I’m looking for additional volunteer help to look over issues in draft. My British reviewer is finding it hard to comment regularly because of his commitments and I’m looking for somebody from the UK to supplement him. It involves carefully reading draft issues for sense and style and needs a person with editorial or journalistic experience. I usually email drafts the Sunday before the issue date and need comments back within 24 – 48 hours. If you’re interested, <a href="mailto:volunteer@worldwidewords.org">email me</a>.</p>
<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;color:#008000;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:12px;">3. Manicule</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">Not to be confused with <i>manacle</i> or <i>manicure</i>, this is a much rarer word that also derives from Latin <i>manus</i> for a hand, in this case from the diminutive <i>manicula</i>, a little hand, which Romans also used for a plough-handle.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">It has popped up through a discussion about it in a book on typography by Keith Houston, <em>Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks</em> (worth buying if you’re at all interested in the history of typography). A manicule is a hand with its first finger pointing, once used in the margins of manuscripts and books to draw the reader’s attention to passages of particular importance.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">We often encounter it as a direction pointer in old-fashioned public signs, though these days we notice it most often as the vertical-pointing shape your computer’s cursor changes to when you pass it over a web link. Printers have given it a number of names, including <i>fist</i> and <i>index</i>. This last one is the official name, echoing the Latin word for a sign or pointer, as in index finger.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">The history of <i>manicule</i> in English is a bit of a mystery. It isn’t recorded in the recent review of the letter M in the <em>Oxford English Dictionary</em>, nor is it in any other dictionary I’ve been able to consult. And I’ve found no example in print before 1996. However, William Sherman wrote in a detailed study of the sign in 2005 that he had been told it had become the standard term among scholars who study ancient manuscripts. I wonder if his informant actually had <i>manicula</i> in mind, either the Latin word or the identical Italian one; this has certainly been used in English-language works on manuscripts. Alteration of the final letter to turn it into an English equivalent seems to have happened very recently.</p>
<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;color:#008000;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:12px;">4. Snippets</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;">Stag day</b> The ninth annual World Bolving Competition was held last Sunday on the hills above Dulverton on Exmoor. <i>Bolving</i> is unique to Exmoor for what is known elsewhere as the belling or roaring of red deer stags at rutting time. Adrian Tierney-Jones described it in the Daily Telegraph in 2007 as “a mix of roaring lion, bellowing cow, chainsaw and someone severely constipated”. Stags produce a series of deep guttural sounds as a threat and challenge to other stags. The call has been imitated by hunters as a way to attract deer, although they have to be wary, as the unexpected arrival of several hundred kilograms of angry animal with big antlers intent on seeing off a rival is likely to ruin their day. The competition is just a fun event that was dreamed up in the local pub as a way to raise money for charity.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;">Seeing double</b> The astronomical term <i>circumbinary</i>, which has been in the news recently, may not enthuse most readers. It becomes more engaging if the <em>Star Wars</em> planet Tatooine is mentioned, which orbits a double star and so is lit by two different suns. The concept has been dismissed by theorists as not being achievable even a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away, because such systems would be too unstable to survive. But several such planets have been found in recent years, so that cosmology’s vocabulary has had to be enriched by two new words: <i>circumbinary</i> for the Tatooine type of planet and <i>circumstellar</i> for boring planets like Earth which only orbit the one sun.</p>
<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;color:#008000;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:12px;">5. Old besom</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-left:0px;margin-bottom:6px;"><span style="background-color:#008000;color:#ffffff;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica;font-weight:bold;font-style:normal;font-size:1.1em;margin-right:6px;padding-left:4px;padding-top:1px;padding-right:4px;padding-bottom:1px;">Q</span> <em>From Jane Tomlinson, Montreal</em>: When I muttered <i>old besom</i>, when watching a local politician on the TV recently, was I unintentionally calling her a witch? Or was I merely taking a word beginning with <i>b</i> as a euphemism for female dog? Perhaps nobody else ever muttered <i>old besom</i>? It came up from the depths unexpectedly, I think a mild insult from my Lancashire childhood, a besom being a twig broom, very like a witch’s. I just wondered whether you might have any thoughts on the matter.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-left:0px;margin-bottom:6px;"><span style="background-color:#008000;color:#ffffff;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica;font-weight:bold;font-style:normal;font-size:1.1em;margin-right:6px;padding-left:4px;padding-top:1px;padding-right:4px;padding-bottom:1px;">A</span> I can assure you that <i>old besom</i> is a well-recorded insult that goes back many years, commonly with added expletives:</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-left:24px;margin-top:6px;margin-right:80px;margin-bottom:6px;font-size:11pt;line-height:14pt;">I’m a freeholder, with money in the bank; and now I won’t trust women no more! Silly old besom!<br /><span style="color:#008000;"><em>Rewards and Fairies</em>, by Rudyard Kipling, 1910.</span></p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">It isn’t yet obsolete but it’s definitely out of fashion, its fall in popularity partly due to the rarity of besoms in everyday urban life and perhaps also to the odd modern opprobrium attached to calling somebody old. It is still to be found in fiction:</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-left:24px;margin-top:6px;margin-right:80px;margin-bottom:6px;font-size:11pt;line-height:14pt;">It was unlikely that Rhea would have seen Susan’s face through the dense overgrowth of pig ivy even if
the old besom had been looking in that direction, and she wasn’t.<br /><span style="color:#008000;"><em>Wizard and Glass</em>, by Stephen King, 2003.</span></p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">As you say, in standard English a besom is a broom made from twigs tied round a stick, a useful implement for sweeping up leaves and other loose stuff. If we are to go by the etymology of <i>broom</i> — always a most dangerous proceeding — anything called a broom really ought to be of the besom type, because its name derives from the use of the plant called broom to make besoms. <i>Broom</i> and <i>besom</i> have separated in sense in modern standard English, with only the latter now meaning implements made of twigs.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;"><i>Besom</i> as a term of mild contempt for a woman, especially one who is awkward or surly, began to appear in Scots near the end of the eighteenth century and is also known in several dialects of northern England, including Lancashire. It’s metonymy, a woman doing household chores by wielding a besom becoming known by its name. It may also be that an influence was the association of witches with broomsticks, always pictured as besoms. By the way, the <em>Scottish National Dictionary</em> says that in Scots <i>broom</i> refers only to the plant, while <i>besom</i> means any sort of sweeping instrument.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">An early user was Sir Walter Scott:</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-left:24px;margin-top:6px;margin-right:80px;margin-bottom:6px;font-size:11pt;line-height:14pt;">“Ill’fa’ard, crazy, crack-brained gowk, that she is!” exclaimed the housekeeper, as she saw them depart, ‘to set up to be sae muckle better than ither folk, the ould besom, and to bring sae muckle distress on a douce quiet family!” If it hadna been that I am mair than half a gentlewoman by my station, I wad hae tried my ten nails in the wizen’d hide o’ her!”<br /><span style="color:#008000;"><em>Old Mortality</em>, by Sir Walter Scott, 1816. <i>Ill’fa’ard</i> is “ill-favoured”; <i>gowk</i> is an awkward or foolish person, (though often as here a general term of abuse); a <i>muckle</i> (a variant of <i>mickle</i>) is a large amount; <i>douce</i> means sober or sedate.</span></p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">One curiosity is that the two senses are pronounced differently. The broom is <span class="phonbody">/biːzəm/</span><a href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/pronguide.htm"> <img src="http://www.worldwidewords.org/img/common/pronquery.gif" class="inlinephonhelp" style="vertical-align:-2px;" alt="Help with IPA" /></a> (bee-zum) while the disrespectful figurative version is more often <span class="phonbody">/bɪzəm/</span> (biz-zum).</p>
<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;color:#008000;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:12px;">6. Sic!</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">• “Hyphen needed!” was the subject line of Greg Grove’s email about an online advert that appeared next to a crossword puzzle he was solving: “Join Dell, Microsoft and a guest expert for an in depth look at how OS migration can enhance security and end user productivity.”</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">• Gerhard Burger submitted a sentence from a Lifestyle column in the <em>Johannesburg Sunday Times</em> about a cycling event: “Roads, restaurants and bars were awash with tight Lycra-clad bottoms that spoke German or Spanish or surprised you with an English or Antipodean twang.”</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">• Such precision! A caption to a photograph of a Turkish coffee pot on the ABC website was spotted by Terry Karney: “Inexpensive models are listed for around $7 on Amazon, but more elaborate products with brass or copper can cost upwards of more.”</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">• Howard Sinberg sent in what he described as the non sequitur of the week, which he found in an article in the <em>South Florida Sun-Sentinel</em> about a ramen restaurant: “Despite opening in 2008, the restaurant still has customers who prefer to eat the soup but not the noodles.” He added, “And despite having been born in 1947, I am a retired electronics engineer.”</p>
<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;color:#008000;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:12px;" id="N7">7. Useful information</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-left:0px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;color:#008000;">About this newsletter</b> <em>World Wide Words</em> is written, edited and published in the UK by Michael Quinion. ISSN 1470-1448. Copyediting and advice are provided by Julane Marx in the US and Robert Waterhouse in the UK. The linked website is <a href="http://www.worldwidewords.org">http://www.worldwidewords.org</a>.</p>
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<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-left:0px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;color:#008000;">E-mail contact addresses</b> Comments on newsletter mailings are always welcome. They should be <a href="mailto:wordseditor@worldwidewords.org">sent to me</a>. I do try to respond, but pressures of time often prevent me from doing so. Items intended for the <i>Sic!</i> section should go to <a href="mailto:sic@worldwidewords.org">sic@worldwidewords.org</a>. Questions intended to be answered in the Q and A section should be sent to <a href="mailto:wordsquestions@worldwidewords.org">wordsquestions@worldwidewords.org</a>, not to me directly.</p>
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