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<div align="left"><font face="Calibri" color="#008000" size="6"><span style=" font-size:24pt"><b>World Wide Words</b></span></font></div>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:0.00mm; margin-bottom:10.55mm;"><font face="Calibri" color="#008000" size="4">
<span style=" font-size:14pt"><b>Issue 886: Saturday 12 July 2014</b></span></font></p>
<div align="left" style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:6.33mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Calibri" color="#008000">
<span style=" font-size:13pt"><b>1. Feedback, Notes and Comments </b></span></font></div>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">
<i>Change to email newsletter</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> To reduce the housekeeping involved in
producing this newsletter each week, I propose in future to send it
out only in this formatted version. Doing so will be less work than
generating the current two versions and will give more scope for
improving the look of the newsletter for readers. I believe that very
few people now actively prefer a plain-text version, but if you feel
strongly otherwise, do let me know. And comments of any kind on
the change will be very welcome.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">
<i>Lewis Carroll’s pronunciations</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> In the last issue I quoted Carroll on
his preferred pronunciation of his coined words in </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>Jabberwocky</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">,
including the instruction to “pronounce ‘rath’ to rhyme with ‘bath’.”
Many readers pointed out that the instruction is unhelpful to a
modern international audience that pronounces English </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>a</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> in several
different ways. Being an educated Englishman of the nineteenth
century, Carroll would have used what linguists call received
pronunciation, and presumably assumed that his readers did too. His
vowel would have been the one variously called a broad </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>a</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> or long </span>
<span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>a</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">
whose phonetic symbol is </span></font><font face="Calibri"><span style=" font-size:12pt">ɑ:</span></font><font face="Georgia">
<span style=" font-size:12pt">, which isn’t itself much help for most
people. The </span></font><a href="http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/vowel-sounds-rp/"><font face="Georgia" color="#0000ff">
<span style=" font-size:12pt"><u>British Library</u></span></font></a><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt"> has a page with audio on it (search for
“bath” and click on the audio in the third column). See also a helpful
</span></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_split \l Trap.E2.80.93bath_split"><font face="Georgia" color="#0000ff">
<span style=" font-size:12pt"><u>Wikipedia</u></span></font></a><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt"> article.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">
<i>Closets and cupboards</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> Readers added more to my comments last
week, many of which I’ve incorporated into the </span></font><a href="http://wwwords.org/clcup"><font face="Georgia" color="#0000ff">
<span style=" font-size:12pt"><u>piece based on it</u></span></font></a><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">
which should now be on the </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>World Wide Words</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> website. Americans
introduced me to </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>armoire</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">, once an upmarket name for a wardrobe,
often an ornate or antique one, but which is now more often applied
to a cabinet enclosing a television or entertainment centre. Other
words from French that were mentioned by American readers are
</span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>chiffonier</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">, a tall chest with drawers behind doors, and </span>
<span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>chifferobe</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">, a
piece of furniture incorporating both </span><span style=" font-size:12pt">a </span><span style=" font-size:12pt">wardrobe and a chest of
drawers.</span></font></p>
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<span style=" font-size:13pt"><b>2. Logocidal</b></span></font></div>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">Taking a line through </span>
<span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>suicidal</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">, </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>genocidal</i></span>
<span style=" font-size:12pt"> and dozens of words of
similar form, we know this must mean the killing of something. The
Greek </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>logos</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> can mean a word, as in </span><span style=" font-size:12pt">
<i>logophile</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">, a lover of words, but
</span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>logocidal</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> instead borrows its associated abstract senses of discourse
and reason.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">
<i>Logocidal</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> refers to the destruction or perversion of meaning,
something deadly to reason and communication. Newspeak in George
Orwell’s </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> was a logocidal creation since it was
designed to limit what it was possible to think about or discuss.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">
<i>Logocidal</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> is an extremely rare word, whose appearances can be
counted on both hands with fingers to spare. However, it has been
wielded twice in recent years by the journalist Marina Hyde in the
</span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>Guardian</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">. She uses it for language that’s obfuscatory to the point of
meaninglessness, the kind that’s employed by politicians and public
figures to avoid committing themselves, a travesty of communication
that Orwell parodied in his essay </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>Politics and the English Language</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:10mm; margin-right:13mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">David Cameron is far less of a logocidal maniac than
Miliband, it must be said, but to listen to the message
from any side these days is to wonder if they
focus-grouped it in a head trauma unit. If so, my double
sympathies to the poor patients.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:10mm; margin-right:13mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:1.06mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia" color="#006000">
<span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>Guardian</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">, 9 May 2014.</span></font></p>
<div align="left" style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:6.33mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Calibri" color="#008000">
<span style=" font-size:13pt"><b>3. Wordface</b></span></font></div>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:11pt">
<i>Slangmeister</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> I’ve recently read two books by Jonathon Green, the
extraordinarily energetic British recorder of slang, whose
three-volume slang equivalent of the </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">
came out in 2010. </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>Odd Job Man: Some Confessions of a Slang
Lexicographer</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> is a personal memoir; in part a biography, at times a
linguistic manifesto, but mainly a description, sometimes with a hint
of existential sadness, of what it’s like to spend one’s life as a solitary
lexicographer recording slang. It’s a fascinating insight into the life
and work of a man who must be among the last of the independent
scholars. The other is </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>Language! 500 Years of the Vulgar Tongue</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">, a
magisterial, wide-ranging and absorbing overview of English slang
throughout its recorded history, which places it in its cultural and
historical context. I learned a lot from it and if you’re at all interested
in the topic, I heartily recommend it.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:11pt">
<i>Food for thought</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> On 7 June, </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>New Scientist</i></span>
<span style=" font-size:12pt"> introduced me to a
intriguing new way of making food: </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>note-by-note cooking</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">. It’s a lineal
descendant of the well-established </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>molecular gastronomy</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">, in which
chefs use a wide variety of specialist techniques to produce exotic and
weird transformations in ingredients. The new method does away
with traditional sources of food altogether by using chemical
reactions to produce dishes from their constituent chemical sources,
garnished with flavouring substances </span><span style=" font-size:12pt">such as </span><span style=" font-size:12pt">furanthiol, borneol,
verbenone, and methional. In part, the idea is to make dishes that
can’t be created from traditional ingredients. It may one day be
possible to create products from plants that are indistinguishable
from meat; this will help to resolve ecological and ethical problems
associated with current agricultural methods. At the moment,
</span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>note-by-note cooking </i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">is an experiment, though its originators,
including the pioneer of molecular gastronomy, French chemist
Hervé This, are entirely serious. If followed through, it might make
that staple of </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>Star Trek</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">, the food replicator, into a practical device.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">
<i>Rising star</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> Richard Goodwin was surprised to find an article in a
Sydney newspaper about the Brazilian footballer Neymar which
called him a </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>starlet</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">, a word which Mr Goodwin applied only to film
actresses. This would have startled me, too, but I find that both Mr
Goodwin and I are out of touch. Ten years ago John Leigh and David
Woodhouse explained in their </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>Football Lexicon </i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">that a </span>
<span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>starlet</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> was
“typically a young, up-and-coming player who is good, but not good
enough yet to be called a star”. But as Neymar’s injury in the World
Cup has widely been seen as contributing to Brazil’s humiliating exit
from the competition, the Australian reporter who called him that
must also be behind the times.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">
<i>Elsewhere</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> An article in the </span></font><a href="http://nyti.ms/1mLTip2"><font face="Georgia" color="#0000ff">
<span style=" font-size:12pt"><i><u>New York Times</u></i></span></font></a><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt"> on 2 July reported that
the official transcript of the Declaration of Independence may contain
an errant period that contributes to what one scholar calls a “routine
but serious misunderstanding” of the document.</span></font></p>
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<span style=" font-size:13pt"><b>4. File</b></span></font></div>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Arial Black" color="#008000">
<span style=" font-size:12pt"><b>Q.</b></span></font><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt"> </span><span style=" font-size:12pt">
<i>From Kevin Stumpf:</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> If you can please help me understand how
the single, tiny word </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>file</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> came into the English language with such
divergent meanings — a grinding tool and a storage space.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Arial Black" color="#008000">
<span style=" font-size:12pt"><b>A.</b></span></font><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt"> They are words with different origins and forms that just happen
to be said and spelled the same. English has many such, called
homonyms, because its words derive from many different sources.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">The file that smoothes and shapes is the more straightforward of the
two. It had two names in the dialects of Old English, both of them
Germanic in origin. The southern dialects had </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>féol</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> but the Anglian
dialects of central and northern England had </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>fil</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">, which eventually
prevailed.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">The other file, the office one, has a stranger history. Its source is the
Latin </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>filum</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">, a thread. It came into English via the French verb </span>
<span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>filer</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">, to
string things together. </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>File</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> was used from about 1500 for a
then-common way of organising documents by linking them on a
thread or sting. File later became a noun for the results of such filing
and in time it was transferred to other methods of storage such as
folders. When digital documents began to be stored on computers, it
was a natural-enough figurative extension to call them files, too,
though it’s a long way from physical threads. A sequence of
comments in an online discussion is also called a thread.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">The idea of threading documents hasn’t completely died out. Papers
may be kept together with treasury tags, small formalised threads.
Offices may still contain spike files, pointed metal rods in a base, on
which documents are skewered. Journalists still talk of spiking a
story when it is rejected, a memory of days when copy was prepared
on paper and stuck on a spike file if it was spurned by the editor.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">A group of people standing or walking one behind the other is said to
be in </span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>single file</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt">. That comes from the same Latin source as the
storage one. The idea is that they’re connected by an invisible thread.</span></font></p>
<div align="left" style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:6.33mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Calibri" color="#008000">
<span style=" font-size:13pt"><b>5. Sic!</b></span></font></div>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">A headline in the online public service message board of Hinesburg in
Vermont made Kate Robinson Schubart reflect on the value of the
rule about hyphenating compound adjectives: “Loving Child and Dog
Friendly Cat Needs Home”. </span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">Gernot Abend saw this headline about what he feels is a paradoxical
and morbid proposition in the edition of the</span><span style=" font-size:12pt"><i> Telegram,</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> a newspaper
in St Johns, Newfoundland, for 28 June: “Mount Moriah man wants
to put new life into abandoned cemetery.”</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">David Shapiro sent this notice from the local chief of police which was
published in his town’s newsletter: “It shall be unlawful to make
repairs to any motor vehicle parked in and upon the streets of Colmar
Manor, except here from those items which do not require the
removal of units by the vehicle propels itself and which do not require
interior and exterior body parts.” He hopes that’s clear to everybody.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">In the otherwise highly commendable mystery </span>
<span style=" font-size:12pt"><i>The Book of Souls</i></span><span style=" font-size:12pt"> by
James Oswald, Gloria Varley suggests that the main character seems
to be having an unnerving experience: “McLean was just walking out
the back door of the station when a familiar face trotted up behind
him.”</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:2.11mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:12pt">Martin Wynne heard this in a discussion about food on local radio:
“The manufacturers could easily make healthier ready-meals. All it
needs is a little carrot from the government.”</span></font></p>
<div align="left" style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:6.33mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Calibri" color="#008000">
<span style=" font-size:13pt"><b>6. Useful information</b></span></font></div>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:1.06mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:11pt">
<i>About this newsletter</i></span><span style=" font-size:11pt">: World Wide Words is researched, written and
published by Michael Quinion in the UK. ISSN 1470-1448. Copyediting and
advice are provided by Julane Marx, Robert Waterhouse, John Bagnall and
Peter Morris. Any residual errors are the fault of the author. The linked
website is </span></font><a href="http://www.worldwidewords.org"><font face="Georgia" color="#0000ff"><span style=" font-size:11pt">
<u>http://www.worldwidewords.org</u></span></font></a><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:11pt">.</span></font></p>
<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:1.06mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:11pt">
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<p style="margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; text-indent:0mm; margin-top:1.06mm; margin-bottom:0.00mm;"><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:11pt">
<i>Email addresses</i></span><span style=" font-size:11pt">: Comments on newsletter mailings are always welcome.
They should be sent to </span></font><a href="mailto:michael.quinion@worldwidewords.org"><font face="Georgia" color="#0000ff"><span style=" font-size:11pt">
<u>michael.quinion@worldwidewords.org</u></span></font></a><font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:11pt">. I do try to
respond, but pressures of time often stop me. Items for Sic! should go to
</span></font><a href="mailto:sic@worldwidewords.org"><font face="Georgia" color="#0000ff"><span style=" font-size:11pt"><u>sic@worldwidewords.org</u></span></font></a>
<font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:11pt">. Questions for the Q&A section should be sent to
</span></font><a href="mailto:questions@worldwidewords.org"><font face="Georgia" color="#0000ff"><span style=" font-size:11pt"><u>questions@worldwidewords.org</u></span></font></a>
<font face="Georgia"><span style=" font-size:11pt">, not to me directly.</span></font></p>
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<i>Copyright</i></span><span style=" font-size:11pt">: World Wide Words is copyright © Michael Quinion 1996-2014.
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