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<p style="font-family:Calibri,Times New Roman,serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:30pt;color:#008000;text-align:left;margin-bottom:0;">World Wide Words</p>
<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-style:italic;font-size:17pt;color:#008000;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:12px;">Issue 892: Saturday 23 August 2014</p>
<p style="font-family:Calibri,Times New Roman,serif;font-size:14pt;color:#008000;text-align:left;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:36px;">This issue is also available <a href="http://www.wwwords.org/nbkw" style="text-decoration:none;">online</a>
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<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;color:#008000;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:12px;">Feedback, Notes and Comments</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;">Criticise.</b> “It might be worth mentioning,” emailed Michael Bawtree, following my comment last week, “that because the verb <em>criticise</em> is no longer used in a neutral sense, the verb <em>critique</em> has taken its place. As a verb and a noun, <em>critique</em> refers to a neutral judgement of something. Why the French form has kept this objectivity is an interesting question.” Peter King made the same point and added, “The noun <em>critic</em> seems to swing both ways, as it were. The expression ‘it has its critics’ suggests only disapproval but it is still possible to say ‘the critics loved it’ without apparent contradiction.”</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;">Animadvert.</b><em> </em>Patrick Martin sprang to the defence of this word, which I discussed last week: “I must protest. It must be tough on a word to be called obsolete in its primary meaning by the writers of dictionaries. I have used it for years to mean ‘refer to’, maybe in a mock-pompous way. I never even knew that it had a derogatory meaning.”</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;">Rogetisms.</b> Of this word in the last issue, Malcolm Ross-Macdonald mused, “Combining Rogetisms with homophones could produce an almost uncrackable code, as in ‘Cos brisket rump velocipede castoff’. By the time the spooks had parsed the first word as ‘lettuce’ the proposed meeting behind the bicycle shed would surely have come and gone.” </p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;">Twigging it.</b> I used the verb <em>twig</em> in last week’s issue, which provoked this reply from Ben Wise: “I have no idea what this means, although you used it in passing, with no indication it might be as research-worthy as everything else in today’s collection of mystery words. <em>Twig</em> is also used in the BBC article you linked under <em>uptalk</em>. I suspect it’s a Britishism which hasn’t yet made the hazardous journey across the pond. Please clarify for us benighted New Worlders in your next post. Thanks.”</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">My pleasure. It is a British colloquial term, meaning to understand or comprehend something. It dates from the eighteenth century, meaning to watch or inspect and then to discern or recognise. Near the end of the century the noun came to mean style or fashion, from which came <em>in twig</em>, <em>in fine twig</em> and <em>in prime twig</em>, all meaning stylish or admirable and all long since defunct, though the root verb has survived. The <em>Oxford English Dictionary</em> says of this sense of <em>twig</em>, “Origin unascertained”; Jonathon Green tentatively suggests an origin in dialect <em>twick</em>, to jerk.</p>
<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;color:#008000;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:12px;">Raparee</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">This might look like one of the many words ending in <em>-ee</em> for a person affected in some manner by the action of the associated verb, such as <em>employee</em>, <em>inductee</em>, <em>internee</em>, <em>interviewee</em>, or <em>licensee</em>. But the ending is accidental, as in <em>dungaree</em>, <em>squeegee</em> and <em>jamboree</em>.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">A <em>raparee</em> was once an Irish foot soldier, armed with a weapon that in Irish was called a <em>rápaire</em>. This is a cousin of English <em>rapier</em>, though not the same sort of weapon, the Irish one being a short pike. The Irishmen so armed were an irregular soldiery who fought on the Catholic Jacobite side during the war that William III waged in Ireland in 1689-91. During and after the war, many took up thieving and banditry, which is why their name is thought also to contain another Irish word, <em>rapaire</em> or <em>ropaire</em>, a violent person, irregular soldier or robber.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">Raparees became a menace and in 1695 the government passed <em>An Act for the Better Suppressing Tories, Robbers, and Rapparees</em>. <em>Tory</em>, the nickname of members of the Conservative Party in the UK, is from Irish <em>toraidhe</em>, a highwayman or outlaw, and initially referred to Irish peasants dispossessed by English settlers and living as robbers. It was taken up as a term of political abuse in the 1680s for those who opposed excluding the Catholic James from succeeding to the English crown.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;"><em>Raparee</em> is now solely of historical interest, but this modern example demonstrates that its relevance soon spread far beyond Ireland:</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-left:24px;margin-top:6px;margin-right:80px;margin-bottom:6px;font-size:11pt;line-height:14pt;">We were building a schooner from the wreckage when a horde of ill-favoured raparees attacked us — Dyaks and Malays led by a nasty confident quean, a bloody-minded covetous froward strumpet.<br /><span style="color:#008000;"><em>The Nutmeg of Consolation</em>, by Patrick O’Brian, 1991. A <em>quean</em> was an impudent or badly behaved woman, from Old English <em>cwene</em>, a woman, hence also <em>queen</em>. A <em>froward</em> person was one difficult to deal with.</span></p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">The idiom <em>not giving a rap</em>, meaning not caring, is said to be connected. In the eighteenth century, Ireland was short of coinage and counterfeit equivalents of coins of small value such as the halfpenny or farthing were widely used instead. These came to be known as <em>raps</em>, in part from Irish <em>rap</em> for a bit or piece but also as a link to <em>raparee</em>. The idiom is recorded from later in the century.</p>
<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;color:#008000;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:12px;">Wordface</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;">Vacation blues.</b> A cry of linguistic distress arrived from David Rosen: “The <em>Boston Globe</em> of Saturday 16 August carries a picture of a golfer in the buff and describes taking a naked vacation as <em>nakationing</em>. I suppose, like <em>staycation</em> for those who do not travel for vacations, it is a variation on <em>vacation</em>. What's next? Will the equine set take <em>neighcations</em>? Those who like the sea take <em>baycations</em>, and will fresh water enthusiasts take <em>lakeations</em>? Will those who do not have vacations as a work benefit envy those who have <em>paycations</em>? The possibilities are limitless.”</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;">By the way.</b> A <em>Sic!</em> item last week mentioned Rhosllanerchrugog, a place name that will look strange to anybody not acquainted with Wales and the Welsh language (roughly translated, it means “the moor of the heathery glade”). Stephen Phillips pointed out that it’s of linguistic interest, being an enclave of Welsh speakers in an English-speaking part of Wales, near Wrexham, noted for its unique Welsh words. He quoted <em>Wikipedia</em>: “The main example is a word that has become synonymous with the village: <em>nene</em>, meaning ‘that’. It is pronounced as ‘nair-nair’, and is sometimes used in association with another unique word, ‘ene’ (air-nair), meaning ‘there’. An example is the question ‘Be ’di nene ene?” — ‘What's that there?’.”</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;">Neologism.</b> Reader Norma Bates pointed out the recent growth in use of a verb that’s not yet in any dictionary, the ugly <em>amnetize</em> (from <em>amnesty). </em>It’s not new — I’ve found an example from 2006 — but it’s currently being used in right-wing US political debate specifically to refer to regularising the status of illegal immigrants. It seems to be associated in particular with Fox News.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;">Elsewhere.</b> An interesting extract from Steven Pinker’s forthcoming book, <em>The Sense of Style: the Thinking Person’s Guide to Writing in the 21st Century</em>, appeared in the <a href="http://wwwords.org/pnkrgr">Guardian</a> last Saturday. He argues that many supposed rules of grammar can often safely be ignored, including when to use <em>that</em> and <em>which</em>, dangling modifiers, split infinitives, <em>very unique</em> and <em>who</em> versus <em>whom</em>. I hope to be able to say more about the book next month. He doesn’t mention <em>hopefully</em>, which is discussed in an <a href="http://wwwords.org/hpysl">article in Slate</a> to illustrate the value of the Hyper Usage Guide of English, a collection of 123 usage problems from 75 usage guides being created as part of the Bridging the Unbridgeable Project at the Leiden Centre for Linguistics. The British slang lexicographer Jonathon Green tells me that he has put together some timelines of slang terms based on his 2010 dictionary of slang. One details <a href="http://wwwords.org/grntml1">terms for being drunk</a>, a second <a href="http://wwwords.org/grntml2">terms for having sex</a>. </p>
<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;color:#008000;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:12px;">Footloose and fancy free</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-left:0px;margin-bottom:6px;"><span style="background-color:#008000;color:#ffffff;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica;font-weight:bold;font-style:normal;font-size:1.1em;margin-right:6px;padding-left:4px;padding-top:1px;padding-right:4px;padding-bottom:1px;">Q</span> <em>From Pieter Bosman</em>: We have a virtual Babel of official languages in South Africa, eleven of them, with English the <em>de facto</em> language of communication. I am often asked to explain the meaning and origin of seemingly obvious expressions and find myself stumped, as I tend to be satisfied with knowing the meaning without thinking of their etymology. Thus it was recently with <em>footloose and fancy free</em>. Searching the internet provided some answers, but they seem too glib to be true.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-left:0px;margin-bottom:6px;"><span style="background-color:#008000;color:#ffffff;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica;font-weight:bold;font-style:normal;font-size:1.1em;margin-right:6px;padding-left:4px;padding-top:1px;padding-right:4px;padding-bottom:1px;">A</span> That’s certainly true. I’ve found one story which claims that it’s from the foremost member of a prison chain gang in the American south, who had one ankle left free so he could move more easily and lead the others. Another has it that the expression derives from one-time Thames river barges, which didn’t have a boom to which the lower edge of the mainsail could be lashed, which therefore hung free and was said to be loose-footed. We may safely disregard both of these.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">The idiom means that a person is without responsibilities of any kind and can go wherever he wants. Its first part, <em>footloose</em>, also has this meaning. It’s American, dating from the 1840s:</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-left:24px;margin-top:6px;margin-right:80px;margin-bottom:6px;font-size:11pt;line-height:14pt;">The Senate declared this connection unlawful, and immediately divorced this great financier from the revenue bill, sent the bill back to the House without its defilement, leaving the great financier again foot loose in the world. <br /><span style="color:#008000;"><em>Indianapolis Journal</em> (Indiana), 16 Jan. 1843.</span></p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">It didn’t become common in Britain until the 1940s, earlier appearances being in despatches from the US, for example in reports of presidential speeches or as here:</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-left:24px;margin-top:6px;margin-right:80px;margin-bottom:6px;font-size:11pt;line-height:14pt;">You see, I was defending one of the worst horsethieves in Western Texas this afternoon, and I cleared him. He is foot-loose now, and I’m afraid he will come around to-night and steal my horses. Nobody’s horses will be safe until that double dyed scoundrel is out of town.<br /><span style="color:#008000;"><em>Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle</em>, 19 Jun. 1886. In a column headed <em>American Cuttings</em>.</span></p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;"><em>Fancy-free</em> is natively British and means to be unconstrained by amorous entanglements, having no sweetheart to tie one down. Shakespeare is the first recorded user, in <em>A Midsummer Night’s Dream</em> of about 1600. <em>Fancy</em> originally had the meaning of a fantasy, a ghost or a hallucination. It came to mean a whim or caprice and briefly an inclination towards love. This second sense was no longer current when Tennyson wrote, “In the spring a young man’s fancy lightly turns to thoughts of love”, but <em>fancy-free</em> kept the association.</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">The evidence suggests that the two words were put together about 1880 in the US to make a neatly balanced alliterative phrase. This is the first I’ve been able to find:</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-left:24px;margin-top:6px;margin-right:80px;margin-bottom:6px;font-size:11pt;line-height:14pt;">All of which, fellow citizens, means that the people are footloose and fancy free.<br /><span style="color:#008000;"><em>Jackson Sentinel</em> (Maquoketa, Iowa), 19 Oct. 1882.</span></p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">The combined expression <em>footloose and fancy-free</em> isn’t recorded in the UK until the 1950s, presumably a wartime import by US armed forces. The first appearance in the <em>Times</em> is in 1954 and refers to a revue with that title. It only becomes common in the 1960s.</p>
<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;color:#008000;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:12px;">Sic!</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">• Tom Barrett supplied an extract from an Associated Press item dated 15 August in the <em>Province</em>, Vancouver: “Private and foreign groups have for years been trying to retrieve the historic treasure. Believed to be buried deep beneath heavy silt, they have been deterred in part by murky waters and strong currents.”</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">• The trailer for this week’s <em>Open Country</em> programme on the BBC’s iPlayer site begins, “Revered by fly fishermen, Helen Mark visits the famous chalk streams of Hampshire and Wiltshire.” David Sutton found it and wrote, “I am sure many of us would like to join these discerning anglers in their proper appreciation of Ms Mark.”</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">• Megan Zurawicz tells us that on 15 August the website of WTHR, a TV station in Indianapolis, reported that “Speedway police are looking for a man wanted in a theft of a local restaurant earlier this week.” But how did he carry it away?</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">• The magazine of the Inland Waterways Association’s South West region is appropriately entitled <em>Sou’Wester</em>. John Gray read this in its August issue: “Back in 1969 Ian built his first boat in the form of a flat bottomed punt with a roof powered by a 4 horsepower outboard motor.”</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:6px;">• Niall McLaren came across this Australian report in the <em>Daily Mail</em> of 15 August: “Officers have appealed for a helping hand in order to catch a bearded bandit responsible for a string of burglaries in Victoria. The man has had a few close shaves at various factories south-east of Melbourne.”</p>
<p style="font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,san-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;color:#008000;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:12px;">Useful information</p>
<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-left:0px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;color:#008000;">About this newsletter</b> <em>World Wide Words</em> is written, edited and published in the UK by Michael Quinion. ISSN 1470-1448. Copyediting and advice are provided by Julane Marx, Robert Waterhouse, John Bagnall and Peter Morris. The linked website is <a href="http://www.worldwidewords.org">http://www.worldwidewords.org</a>.</p>
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<p style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:15pt;margin-left:0px;margin-bottom:6px;"><b style="margin-right:12px;color:#008000;">E-mail contact addresses</b> Comments on newsletter mailings are always welcome. They should be <a href="mailto:wordseditor@worldwidewords.org">sent to me</a>. I do try to respond, but pressures of time often prevent me from doing so. Items intended for the <i>Sic!</i> section should go to <a href="mailto:sic@worldwidewords.org">sic@worldwidewords.org</a>. Questions intended to be answered in the Q and A section should be sent to <a href="mailto:wordsquestions@worldwidewords.org">wordsquestions@worldwidewords.org</a>, not to me directly.</p>
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