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<p class="Top1">World Wide Words</p>
<p class="Top2">Saturday 5 March 2016.</p>
<p class="Top3">This newsletter is available online at <a
href="http://wwwords.org/svyo"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://wwwords.org/svyo">http://wwwords.org/svyo</a></a> <br>
and is also attached to this message as a PDF file containing
illustrations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Check
the recipient
address if you reply to this message. For security reasons, it
will be rejected
if it is sent to </i><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:worldwidewords@listserv.linguistlist.org">worldwidewords@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">. Either use the email
address from the </i>Reply-to:<i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> header or — better —
create a new message
to the most appropriate of the addresses listed at the end of
this newsletter. <o:p></o:p></i></p>
<h1>Feedback, Notes and Comments</h1>
<p class="Crosshead">More on catchphrases</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Patricia Norton emailed from New Zealand to
solve the
mystery of the catchphrase “Mind how you step over those mince
pies!” It’s a misremembered
phrase from by Sara Cone Bryant<i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">’s Epaminondas
and His Auntie</i>, a 1907 American children’s story now often
regarded as
racist or patronising. In the tale, about a black mother and her
child
Epaminondas, his mother tells him, “You see these here six mince
pies I done
make? You see how I done set ’em on the doorstep to cool? Well
now, you hear
me, Epaminondas, you be careful how you step on those pies.” At
the end of the
story, as he had been told to do, Epaminondas carefully stepped
on every one.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“I had to chuckle,” Judy Swink wrote from
California, “when
I read the catchphrase ‘I’ve arrived, and to prove it, I’m
here!’ Many years
ago, our aunt was expected to arrive by train in Norfolk,
Virginia, from
Boston. When my parents went to meet her, she didn’t descend
from the train. My
parents then went home and called her home in Massachusetts,
where she answered
the phone. When my mother asked why she hadn’t called them if
she wasn’t
coming, her reply was that she assumed that when she didn’t get
off the train,
they’d know she wasn’t coming. This has been a favorite family
story since I
was a child in the 1940s or 1950s.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ian Pike wrote, “Hearing about the old gent
who would say,
‘I’ve come to tell you I’m not coming’ reminded me of my
next-door neighbor
from my childhood in small-town New Hampshire. He was a
backwoods character
with no education, no teeth, and a Yankee dialect so thick he
was actually hard
to understand. Whenever anyone knocked on his door he would
holler, ‘You’re in
or you’re out!’ as an invitation to come in. However, because of
his toothless
and accented speech, it sounded like ‘Y’in ya’out’.”</p>
<p class="Crosshead">Beside oneself</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“I liked your entry on being <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">beside oneself</i>,” H C Erik Midelfort emailed, “but
I wanted to note
the parallel usage of the term <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ecstasy</i>,
which derives from the Latin <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ecstasis</i>.
It meant literally being beside oneself or outside oneself, as
in trance, ecstasy,
or rapture.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“You'll probably hear from many others on
this one,” wrote
Don Neuendorf (as it happens incorrectly). “But a very common
use of the Greek
idiom for insanity is found in the gospel of Mark 3:21. Jesus is
thought by his
family to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">exeste</i> —
from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ex histemi </i>—
standing outside himself.”</p>
<h1>Caucus</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">Current political events in the USA have
again brought this
word to the forefront of newspaper reporting. Its accidental
similarity to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Caucasus</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Caucasian</i>, the only other words in English that
look anything like
it, has sometimes led people up a false trail. The true origin
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">caucus</i> has puzzled
people almost from
the moment it first appeared in the middle of the eighteenth
century and
attempts to solve the mystery have been notable for confusion,
disagreement and
misinterpretation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The only fact that everybody agrees on is
that its birthplace
is the New England city of Boston. Its first appearance, so far
as anybody
knows at the moment, is under a different spelling in the <span
class="PublicationChar">Boston Herald</span> of 5 May 1760:</p>
<p class="Quotation">[C]ertain Persons, of the modern Air and
Complexion, to the
Number of Twelve at least, have divers Times of late been known
to combine
together, and are called by the Name of the New and Grand
Corcas, tho’ of
declared Principles directly opposite to all that have been
heretofore known.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Its earliest known use in its usual spelling
was in a diary
entry of February 1763 by John Adams, later to be the second
president of the
USA:</p>
<p class="Quotation">This day learned that the Caucus Club meets
at certain times
in the garret of Tom Dawes, the adjutant of the Boston (militia)
regiment. He
has a large house, and he has a movable partition in his garret,
which he takes
down, and the whole club meets in one room. There they smoke
tobacco until you
cannot see from one end of the room to the other. There they
drink flip, I
suppose, and there they choose a moderator, who puts questions
to the vote
regularly; and selectmen, assessors, collectors, wardens,
fire-wards, and
representatives, are regularly chosen before they are chosen in
the town.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Flip</i>
is now better
known as eggnog.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">Even
as early as
1788, Dr William Gordon, in his four-volume work <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">The History of the Rise, Progress, and
Establishment, of the
Independence of the United States of America</i>, had to say
that “All my
repeated applications to different gentlemen have not
furnished me with a
satisfactory account of the origin of <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">caucus</i>”.
He wasn’t even quite sure what it meant: “It seems to mean, a
number of
persons, whether more or less, met together to consult upon
adopting and
prosecuting some scheme of policy.” He went on:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Quotation">More than fifty years ago [that is, in the
1730s], Mr.
Samuel Adams’s father, and twenty others, one or two from the
north end of
town, where all the ship business is carried on, used to meet,
make a caucus,
and lay their plan for introducing certain persons into places
of trust and
power.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This link to ships led the lawyer,
philologist and scholar John
Pickering to suggest in 1816 that it was a corruption of <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">caulkers’ meeting</i>, on the presumption that they
were attended by
caulkers and ropemakers, the former being responsible for
sealing the seams
between a ship’s planks with tar. (Incidentally, Pickering was
no fan of new
words from his native USA: he adds of <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">caucus</i>,
“It need hardly be remarked, that this cant word and its
derivatives are never
used in good writing.”) </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">Gordon</span>’s
reference
to the north end of town prompted a wild guess that it was from
an obscure
Latin word for the north wind, <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">caucus</i>.
Some 150 years later, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Century
Dictionary</i> of 1889 sought another classical origin in the
Greek <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">kaukos</i>, a cup,
“in allusion to the
convivial or symposiac feature of the club”. Other suggestions
make it a
corruption of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">circus</i>
or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">concourse</i> or of <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Cooke’s House</i>, the Boston mansion once owned by
Elisha Cooke where
meetings were held before they moved to Tom Dawes’ capacious
attic.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Quite the most intriguing suggestion was put
forward in 1872
by Dr James Trumbull, a lifelong member of the Connecticut
Historical Society,
who had made a study of the native languages of New England. He
put forward the
idea that it derived from an Algonquin word, <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">cau’-cau-as’u</i>, a councillor or “one who advises,
urges, encourages”.
This had turned up in a slightly different form in Captain John
Smith’s <span class="PublicationChar">The Generall Historie of
Virginia, New-England, and the
Summer Isles</span> of 1624:</p>
<p class="Quotation">In all these places is a severall commander,
which they call
<span class="italic">Werowance</span>, except the <span
class="italic">Chickahamanians</span>,
who are governed by the Priests and their Assistants, or their
Elders called <span class="italic">Caw-cawwassoughes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Trumbull argued that Native American terms
were often
adopted by clubs and secret associations in New England. It
seems plausible but
there’s no direct evidence.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Several other descriptions in addition to
Gordon’s imply
that meetings of the kind described, held behind closed doors in
smoke-filled
rooms for selecting candidates and controlling the political
process, had been in
existence for decades before the word <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">caucus</i>
first appears. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As so often with etymology, we have arrived
at no very clear
conclusion, but I hope you will agree that the journey to
nowhere has been
moderately entertaining. On the other hand, it’s certainly
possible that some earlier
variant will eventually turn up, perhaps from as far back as the
1730s. With
extraordinary luck, this might even give us a better idea of its
provenance. </p>
<h1>From my reading</h1>
<p class="Bulletpoints"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times
New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->News of the US
presidential campaign has to
share space in British newspapers with the forthcoming
referendum on whether
the UK should leave the European Union. This is rapidly becoming
a
lexicographical hotspot. I’ve commented before on <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Brexit</i>, short for British exit, but February saw
several
appearances in more upmarket papers of the rather strained
neologism <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Bremain</i> for
the opposing idea.
Journalists have created <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Brexiter
</i>for
a supporter of withdrawal (and <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Brexiteer</i>,
also; you will note the subtle negative associations of that
extra <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">e</i>), but not so
far its equivalent <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Bremainer</i>.
But I’ve started to see <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Bremaineer</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Bremainster</i> as well as the more conventional <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">remainer</i>. Suggestions of a partial return after a
Brexit has been
termed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Bre-entry</i>.
There’s plenty of time
for more inventions, as the referendum isn’t until June 23.</p>
<p class="Bulletpoints"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times
New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The word <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">averagarianism</i>
is a bit of a mouthful and not one, I suspect, that will ever
appeal to the
public at large. Its related adjective and noun, <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">averagarian</i>, stands a better chance of acceptance.
Both have popped
up recently in reviews of Todd Rose’s book <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The
End of Average</i>. He attacks the culture of making decisions
about people in
education and the workplace on the basis of what an idealised
average person
would do. “Nobody is average,” he asserts. Most readers would
assume, as I did,
that Rose invented both words, but it turns out otherwise, with
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">averagarian</i> appearing
first 152 years
ago in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Cornhill
Magazine</i>, a
famous British literary journal whose first editor was the
novelist William
Makepeace Thackeray. The word is in an article from the issue of
August 1864, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Morality of
the Doctrine of Averages</i>,
which contains a critique of statistics not so far from that of
Rose and
comments, “a planet in which goodness was cast up in the total
from columns of
averages, and wickedness reckoned simply as so much in the
hundred, would be a
world unhumanised altogether.”</p>
<p class="Bulletpoints"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times
New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Drought many of us are
all too familiar with,
but I was slightly startled to see an article in <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">New Scientist</i> that referred to a <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">wind drought</i>. It seems that parts of the USA are
experiencing a
prolonged period of lighter than usual winds which have caused
electricity
generation from wind farms to fall by 6% last year. It’s not the
only
figurative application of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">drought</i>
I’ve seen; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">energy drought</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">gas drought</i> have
previously appeared,
though uncommon, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">petrol
drought</i>
turned up in a British local newspaper report last month (the
one filling
station in Hexham in Northumberland was without fuel for a
week). Let’s hope
these compounds don’t become common enough that we shall have to
start
referring to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">water
drought</i> to make
clear what sort of drought we mean.</p>
<p class="Bulletpoints"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times
New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->’Tis March, and so time
for the annual wordfest
of titlology that is the Diagram Prize for Oddest Book Title of
the Year. The
shortlisted titles, selected by Horace Bent of <span
class="PublicationChar">The
Bookseller</span> are, as listed in the press release: <span
class="PublicationChar">Behind the Binoculars: Interviews with
Acclaimed
Birdwatchers;</span> <span class="PublicationChar">Reading
from Behind: A
Cultural Analysis of the Anus;</span> <span
class="PublicationChar">Paper Folding
with Children; Soviet Bus Stops;</span> <span
class="PublicationChar">Reading the
Liver: Papyrological Texts on Ancient Greek Extispicy;</span>
<span class="PublicationChar">Too Naked for the Nazis;</span>
and <span class="PublicationChar">Transvestite Vampire Biker
Nuns from Outer Space: A
Consideration of Cult Film</span>. A check of the titles shows
the selectors
have abbreviated a couple, thereby making them seem slightly
odder than they
really are: <span class="PublicationChar">Paper Folding with
Children</span> has
the joke-ruining subtitle <span class="PublicationChar">Fun and
Easy Origami
Projects</span>, while <span class="PublicationChar">Too
Naked for the Nazis</span>
actually has the full title <span class="PublicationChar">Wilson,
Keppel and
Betty: Too Naked for the Nazis</span> (it’s about a fondly
remembered British
music-hall trio’s bizarre speciality act). Cast your votes on <span
class="PublicationChar">The Bookseller</span>’s website; the
winner is to be
announced on 18 March. <span class="PublicationChar">Extispicy</span>,
by the
way, is an ancient Latinism meaning the inspection of the
entrails of
sacrificial victims for divination.</p>
<p class="Bulletpoints"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times
New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->We’ve long had
predictions of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">peak oil</i>,
the point at which the maximum
rate of extraction of petroleum is reached, after which it’s
expected to enter
terminal decline. The term has spawned many imitators, including
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">peak coal</i>, <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">peak gas</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">peak
grain</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">peak copper</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">peak lead</i>, and even <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">peak car</i>,
a hint that the private motor vehicle is drifting down a long
slope towards dissolution,
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">peak startup</i>,
meaning that the
rate of new company formation is faltering. You may recall my
mentioning <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">peak beard</i>
a couple of years ago, the
suggestion that hirsuteness is going out of fashion. The peak
that has been
featured in my daily paper this week is <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">peak
stuff</i>, the idea that people — at least in Britain — are
falling out of love
with material objects and are ceasing to consume so much. That’s
such a
wide-ranging concept that we may hope we’ve at last seen <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">peak peak</i>.</p>
<h1>Kick the bucket</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAQChar">Q.</span> <span
class="QANChar">From Fred</span>:
Could you tell me where the phrase <em><span
style="font-family:"Georgia","serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Liberation Serif"">kick the
bucket</span></em>
originated? </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAAChar">A.</span> This is one
of many idioms
created down the years to avoid making too blunt a mention of
the unpleasant
subject of death by cloaking the idea in euphemistic, elevated
or humorous
terms. They range from Shakespeare’s <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">shuffle
off this mortal coil</i>, through the eighteenth-century’s <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">hop the twig</i>, to George Eliot’s <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">join
the choir invisible</i>, many of which were guyed in Monty
Python’s famous dead
parrot sketch.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The earliest unequivocal appearance of <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">kick the bucket</i>, at least so far as we know at the
moment, was in a
serial story in a British magazine. At this point the hero, a
sailor, has
recovered from a severe illness:</p>
<p class="Quotation">My old mess-mate, Tom Bowline, met me at the
gangway, and
with a salute as hearty as honest, damn’d his eyes, but he was
glad I had not
kicked the bucket; while another swore roundly, that I had
turned well to
windward, and left death and the devil to leeward; and a third
more
vociferously exclaimed, I was born to dance upon nothing.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The
History of Edward
and Maria</i>, in The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">London
Magazine</i>,
Aug. 1775. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">To dance upon
nothing</i>
meant to die by hanging.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the same magazine five years later, a
writer confirmed
the meaning of the idiom while commenting how opaque it was. It
had turned up
in a gossipy letter which a friend had received and passed on to
him, which
included the sentence “as to your enquiries about old Wentworth,
poor man! he
died extremely rich; his disease stuck so close to him that it
has obliged him
to kick the bucket”. The article writer noted:</p>
<p class="Quotation">I should have been at a loss also to have
known the
significance of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">kicking
the bucket</i>,
but am told it is an expression used to inform us of a person’s
death, although
I should no sooner apprehend it to be so than if I were told he
had let fall
his watch, or rapped at my door.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Observations
on the
Errors and Corruptions that Have Crept into the English
Language</i>, in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The
London Magazine</i>, May 1780.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So much for the early history of the idiom,
which does little
or nothing to illuminate its origins. These may never be known
for certain,
though theories abound.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One story, hard to credit, is that the bucket
is one on
which a suicide might stand when hanging himself — kick away the
bucket and the
job is done. This theory only appeared long after a report in a
Bath newspaper on
25 September 1788 of the suicide of a man called John
Marshfield, who killed
himself in just this way; in 1896 John Farmer and William Henley
noted in <span class="PublicationChar">Slang and Its Analogues</span>
that it had been claimed as
the sad end of an ostler at an inn on the Great North Road.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Farmer and Henley place greater credence on a
very different
story, which was given rather more support than it deserved by
being
tentatively suggested as the origin in the first edition of the
<span class="PublicationChar">Oxford English Dictionary</span>
in 1888. An extended
version of the attribution appeared 15 years later in a letter
from the
splendidly named Holcombe Ingleby of Norfolk, which he said was
“one familiar
to me from my youth up”:</p>
<p class="Quotation">When a butcher slings up a sheep or pig,
after killing, he
fastens to the hocks of the animal what is technically known in
the trade as a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">gambal</i>,
a piece of wood curved somewhat
like a horse’s leg. This is also known in Norfolk as a <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">bucket. </i>... <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Bucket</i>, I may
add, is not only well known in Norfolk in this sense, and
commonly used, but
with some of our folk is the only word known for the article in
question. To
“kick the bucket,” then, is the sign of the animal’s being dead,
and the origin
of the phrase may probably, if not indisputably, be referred to
this source.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Notes
and Queries</i>,
21 May 1904. His <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">gambal</i>
is usually
rendered as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">gambrel</i>
or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">gambril</i>, which is
presumably why he stated
that he couldn’t find the word in the <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">New
English Dictionary</i> (the name then for what is now called
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Oxford English
Dictionary</i>).Editor Henry
Bradley had actually included <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">gambrel</i>
in the F-G volume published in 1901.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The OED’s editors suggested that the word
might not refer to
our modern <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">bucket</i>,
but to the Old French
<em><span
style="font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Liberation
Serif"">buquet</span></em>
for a balance or a trebuchet, the medieval siege weapon for
hurling missiles at
the enemy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It may reasonably be objected that the animal
couldn’t
possibly kick the bucket, as it was already dead by the time
that its rear legs
were fastened to it. Advocates of this origin must also explain
how a specialist
dialect expression from rural Norfolk came to be so widely taken
up at the end
of the eighteenth century and why there are only indirect
references to this
sense of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">bucket</i> and
never any
examples of its actually having being uttered.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A third theory also appeared in <span
class="PublicationChar">Notes
and Queries</span>, in 1947. It was in reference to a
supposedly old custom of
the Catholic church:</p>
<p class="Quotation">After death, when the body had been laid out,
a cross and
two lighted candles were placed near it, and in addition to
these the holy-water
bucket was brought from the church and put at the feet of the
corpse. When
friends came to pray for the deceased, before leaving the room
they would
sprinkle the body with holy water. So intimately therefore was
the bucket
associated with the feet of deceased persons that it is easy to
see how the
saying came about.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Or perhaps not.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:18.0pt"><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>[<i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">This
piece is an updated and enlarged version of one that first
appeared in this
newsletter in February 1999. My thanks to the various members
of the American
Dialect Society who discovered the early examples, and to
etymologist Professor
Anatoly Liberman, who wrote about the expression in two issues
of his blog </i>The
Oxford Etymologist<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> in
February 2016.</i>]</p>
<h1>Oryzivorous</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">Pronounced /<span
style="font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif"">ɒ</span>r<span
style="font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif"">ɪˈ</span>z<span
style="font-family:
"Times New Roman","serif"">ɪ</span>v<span
style="font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif"">ə</span>r<span
style="font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif"">ə</span>s/.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Though <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">oryzivorous</i>
appears in a scientific glossary in 1857, there is no example of
its appearing
in print before modern times and even then almost exclusively in
works that specialise
in strange and exotic words. This suggested that finding out why
anyone bothered
to invent it might be worth enquiring into.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The root is classical Latin <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">oryza</i>, rice. Add to that the ending <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">-vorous</i>, devouring or eating, and you get an
adjective meaning “rice-eating”.
This is common enough, both among people and animals, but nobody
seems to have
felt the need for a pompous Latinate formulation to describe it.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When I searched for it, I kept turning up the
supposed <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>scientific name
for a small bird, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Dolichonyx
oryzivorous</i>, which I was
pleased to discover was a migratory blackbird which may be seen
in North
America in the spring and summer. This is commonly called the
bobolink, an odd
name that’s said to be from <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Bob o’
Lincoln</i>, the way that English-speaking American colonists
in the eighteenth
century rendered the bird’s call. It does indeed eat rice,
voraciously when it
can get it, though it’s happy to eat seeds of many other kinds.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This happy encounter with a species I’d never
heard of turned
out to be the result of a repeated error, because its correct
name is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Dolichonyx
oryzivorus</i>, without the final<i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> o</i>. The scientific name
was given to the
bird by the famous Swedish naturalist Karl Linnaeus in 1766.
However, he called
it <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Emberiza oryzivorus</i>,
putting it in
the same genus as 40 or so species of buntings. However, it was
soon realised
the bobolink wasn’t really a bunting and since 1827 it has been
the lonely sole
member of the genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Dolichonyx</i>,
a
word that derives for no very clear reason from Greek <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">dolichos</i>, meaning “long”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We may guess that <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">oryzivorous</i>,
with that extra <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">o</i>,
came into being in
that glossary solely because Linnaeus had created the closely
similar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">oryzivorus</i>.</p>
<h1>Sic</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hilary Powers found this in an Associated
Press story dated
23 February: “Kelly said he’s not sure how long the next phase
of the
investigation will take. Scientists need to replicate the
behavior of air bags
over a period of several years, which will take time, he said.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A <span class="PublicationChar">Sunday
Telegraph</span>
article on the late Harper Lee which Michel Norrish was reading
quoted a
friend: “She had this wonderful childish twinkle in her eye and
she defied
conventional morays.” Don’t eel out of the error, subeditors,
try <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">mores, </i>as in the
customs and conventions
of society.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">An even worse misspelling was committed by
political
activists in Alberta, whom Clyde McConnell pointed out had
written on Facebook
that they wanted a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">kudatah</i>.
It took a
moment to connect it with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">coup
d’état</i>.
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Curtains for Swaziland?” emailed Nigel
Johnson, reporting that
the headline over<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>a
story on the website
of the Anglican News Service dated 2 March read: “Swaziland
declares national
emergency as draught intensifies.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Another misspelled headline, on the <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Daily Telegraph</i>’s site on the same day, led Bob
Hughes to comment
that the action seemed a little harsh: “Judge scalds Madonna and
Guy Ritchie
for public custody battle over 15-year-old son Rocco.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One of the weirder science-related headlines
of recent times
was found by Emery Fletcher on the <span
class="PublicationChar">arstechnica</span>
website on 12 February: “Potentially deadly drug interactions
found mining FDA
complaint bin”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Slavery is still with us, Beverley Rowe
suspects, having
seen the headline “Owner of Pinewood Studios, home to James Bond
and Star Wars,
could be sold.” Rowe saw it in <span class="PublicationChar">The</span>
<span class="PublicationChar">Guardian</span>, but it remains
visible only on the ITV news
website.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A report in the <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Daily
Mail</i> on 4 March read: “The Los Angeles Police Department
confirmed the
discovery of the knife to Daily Mail Online. ‘A knife was
recovered on the
property. We are currently meeting on it.’ ”</p>
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