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<p class="Top1">World Wide Words</p>
<p class="Top2">Saturday 2 April 2016.</p>
<p class="Top3">This newsletter is available online at <a
href="http://wwwords.org/yapt"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://wwwords.org/yapt">http://wwwords.org/yapt</a></a> <br>
and is also attached to this message as a PDF file containing
illustrations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Check
the recipient
address if you reply to this message. For security reasons, it
will be rejected
if it is sent to </i><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:worldwidewords@listserv.linguistlist.org">worldwidewords@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">. Either use the email
address from the </i>Reply-to:<i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> header or — better —
create a new message
to the most appropriate of the addresses listed at the end of
this newsletter. <o:p></o:p></i></p>
<h1>Feedback, Notes and Comments</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Brexit</span>.
Martin Cleaver
emailed from The Netherlands to add yet another derived form of
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Brexit</i> to the set I
gave last time: “I
have recently discovered that I am a <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Brexpat</i>.
We are uniting under the Twitter umbrella @brexpats — Brits who
live in Europe.”
And another new compound met my eye recently: <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Brexitism</i>, the concept or philosophy behind <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Brexit</i>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Caucus.</span>
Vance Koven pointed
out, apropos of the early history of this term, that in the
traditional Boston
accent, the words <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">corcas</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">caulkers</i> and <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">caucus</i> would be pronounced virtually identically.
This explains why
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">caulkers</i> in particular
could be put
forward seriously as a possible origin.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Oryzivorous.</span>
Terry Walsh
emailed to explain that the genus name of the bobolink, <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Dolichonyx</i>, means “with long nails or claws”. Jim
Devlin added that
my picture of the bird shows why the naturalist W J Swainson
chose that genus
name — it does indeed have long claws.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Kick the bucket.</span>
Carl
Bowers asked about my use of <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">guyed</i> in
this piece. It comes from the given name of the unsuccessful
assassin Guy
Fawkes, who tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament on 5
November 1605. He is
marked in Britain by bonfires and fireworks every year.
Originally theatrical
slang, to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">guy</i> means
to make fun of or
ridicule, originally in reference to his lack of success. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Bookseller
Diagram Prize.</span>
Following up my note of this year’s contest, the winner of the
oddest book
title of the year was announced on 18 March: <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Too Naked for the Nazis</i>, the biography of the
musical hall act Wilson,
Keppel and Betty.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Article update.</span>
The piece
about the curious British word <a
href="http://wwwords.org/kbsh"><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">kibosh</i></a> (as in <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">putting the kibosh on something</i>, to finish
something off or put an
end to it) now includes recent research on its history,
including the plausible
theory that it derives from a Turkish word for a whip.</p>
<h1>Lie doggo</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAQChar">Q.</span> <span
class="QANChar">From
Matthew Cutter</span>: I recently came across this expression
as the answer to
a crossword puzzle, and then only by solving all the words
running through it.
While a quick web search tells me that it’s a British idiom —
meaning to hide
quietly or lie low — I couldn’t find any history on it. Can you
turn up any
further insight?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAAChar">A.</span> Though we
assume that it’s British
in origin, Australians and New Zealanders know it, too, and it
has turned up
from time to time in the USA, though I don’t think it’s at all
well-known there.
Some of my reference works suggest it’s old-fashioned — it may
well be, though it’s
familiar to me from my childhood and is still part of my active
vocabulary.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The usual supposition is that it’s <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">dog</i> with an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">-o</i>
stuck on
the end. It’s often said that it refers to a dog pretending to
be asleep, but I’m
not so sure. The reference is surely just as likely to be to a
dog that’s lying
still but alert, as dogs are able to do for long periods — my
mental image is
of a sheepdog in a field, ears pricked, quietly watching his
charges. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The transfer to humans added the idea of
seeking to avoid
detection:</p>
<p class="Quotation">The house won’t be safe once the ammunition
has given out —
and I know the country all round there like the palm of my hand.
There are
plenty of places we can lie doggo in until help comes.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Wild
Honey</i>, by Cynthia
Stockley, 1914.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some examples in the early days were spelled
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">doggoh</i>, as in one
quoted by Dr James
Murray, the first editor of the <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Oxford
English Dictionary</i>, in a puzzled enquiry to the scholarly
journal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Notes and Queries</i>:</p>
<p class="Quotation">“DOGGO.” — What is it to <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">lie
doggo</i>; and what is the history of <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">doggo</i>?
Is it a mock Latin ablative of manner? ... An earlier instance
differently spelt
I have from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Society</i>
of 7 October,
1882, p. 23, col. 1: “To-day’s meet of the London Athletic Club
will be
remarkable for the resurrection of E. L. Lockton after lying
‘doggoh’ some
time.”</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Notes
and Queries</i>,
4 Apr. 1896. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">No response came to his enquiry and the term
didn’t appear in
the first edition of the OED, most probably because it wasn’t
then very widely
known. Dr Murray’s finding seems to have been mislaid and the
citation wasn’t
included in the entry for the idiom that appeared in the <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Supplement</i> in 1933; it’s not in the current online
edition either,
though it’s two years older than the first example in the entry.
(I’ve told the
OED’s editors about it and it will be added when the entry is
next updated.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">The
term was given
a small boost in the 1890s through its use by Rudyard Kipling
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Soldiers Three</i>
and other writings. It
became more common during the First World War and in post-war
writings about the
war, such as in the children’s books of Percy Westerman. It
has also had peaks of
usage during and immediately after the Second World War and
again in the 1980s.
The reason for its popularity in the armed forces during
periods of conflict is
too obvious to need elaboration.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">This
-o ending is
curious. It’s much more characteristic of Australian word
formation (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">arvo</i>, <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">servo</i>, </span><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ambo</i> and
the like) <span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">than
British. However, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">doggo</i>’s
first appearance in print in that
country is dated 1895 (“ ‘Lie doggo,’ as the sailors say”) so
transmission
seems certain to be from Britain to Australia rather than the
other way round.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">Altogether,
an odd little
term.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1>Fewmet</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">“The fewmets have hit the windmill,” cried a
character in
Harvard Lampoon’s parody <span class="PublicationChar">Bored of
the Rings</span>.
Readers not familiar with archaic English hunting terms will
have missed the
joke. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Fewmets</i>
— also
called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">fewmishings</i> —
are the
excrement or droppings of an animal hunted for game, especially
the hart, an
adult male deer. For medieval hunters they were evidence that an
animal was somewhere
around; their condition gave a clue as to how near the quarry
might be. Huntsmen
would bring fewmets to their masters to demonstrate that game
was there to be
chased and that the hunt wasn’t likely to be a waste of time. To
make a proper
assessment, the huntsman needed to know a lot about the ways of
the animal:</p>
<p class="Quotation">You muste vnderstand that there is difference
betweene the
fewmet of the morning and that of the euenyng, bicause the
fewmishings which an
Harte maketh when he goeth to relief at night, are better
disgested and
moyster, than those which he maketh in the morning, bycause the
Harte hath
taken his rest all the day, and hath had time and ease to make
perfect
disgestion and fewmet, whereas contrarily it is seene in the
fewmishyng whiche
is made in the morning, bycause of the exercise without rest
whiche he made in
the night to go seeke his feede.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The
Noble Arte of
Venerie or Hunting</i>, by George Gascoigne, 1575.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The word came into English during the
fourteenth century and
is from an Anglo-Norman French variant of Old French <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">fumées</i>, droppings.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">With the decline in great landed estates and
the hunting
they offered, the word went into a decline, to become
fashionable again in
recent decades with the rise in fantasy fiction and role-playing
games. These
days, the animal producing the fewmets is more usually a dragon:</p>
<p class="Quotation">He’s going to where my dragons were! Come on,
Meg, maybe he’s
found <a name="hit1"></a>fewmets!” She hurried after boy and
dog. “How would you
know a dragon dropping? Fewmets probably look like bigger and
better cow pies.”</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">A Wind
in the Door</i>,
by Madeline L’Engle, 1973.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It has become a useful substitute in such
literature for a
couple of coarser words: “‘Oh, fewmets,’ Schmendrick cursed”
(James A Owen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The
Dragons of Winter</i>); “Speaking
between friends and meaning no offense, you’re full of fewmets.”
(Poul
Anderson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Satan’s World</i>);
“Caryo
intends to be caught, so she can kick the fewmets out of him”
(Mercedes Lackey,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Exile’s Valour</i>).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The word has also been spelled <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">fumet</i>, which might lead to an unfortunate
confusion with a
concentrated fish stock used for seasoning, a relative of the
ancient Roman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">garum</i>.
The source of this sense of <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">fumet</i> is a related
French word,
originally applied to the smell of game after it had hung for a
while.</p>
<h1>From my reading</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">The dead speak.</span>
<span class="st">Two scientists in Denmark propose the creation
of the world’s first
national </span><em><span
style="font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Liberation
Serif"">necrogenomic</span></em><span class="st">
database. This
would </span>record the genomic sequences of all Danish
citizens and residents
at the time of their death, some 50,000 a year. By matching
these to
information about illnesses and ailments in life, helpful
evidence could be
gathered about the genetic origins of diseases, about potential
drug targets,
and informing treatment methods.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Work out what to
wear.</span> The
trend toward informal leisurewear intensifies. My newspaper
tells me that the
highlight of this summer’s fashion will be the tracksuit,
suitably embellished
in expensive fabrics and a price to match. This is an example of
the trend
towards <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">athleisure </i>(<i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">athletics</i> + <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">leisure</i>), dressing as though you can’t wait to
leap up from the
restaurant table to work out. The most recent linguistic
creation based on this
is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">athevening</i> wear.
Yes, Dorothy, now
you <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">can</i> go to the pub
wearing your
tarted-up jogging bottoms.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Do what?</span>
Here’s a term
guaranteed to stop a reader in their tracks: <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">heteropaternal superfecundation</i>. It refers to the
situation in
which twins have different fathers because two men have had sex
with the mother
in close succession. It’s assumed to be rare in humans, though
nobody knows for
sure and one can imagine a certain reluctance on the part of
some mothers to
have the matter investigated, but it’s well recorded in farm
animals.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Who are you
looking at?</span> One
of the more daft temporary fashions online — and there’s a <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">lot</i> of competition — is that of taking a photo of
two people and switching
their faces. Until you’ve seen a wedding-day picture of Rupert
Murdoch and Jerry
Hall reprocessed in this way you really haven’t plumbed the full
meaning of
bizarre. The trick is, rather boringly, called <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">faceswapping</i>. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Here to advise
you.</span> A
report this month said that the Royal Bank of Scotland is to
shed 550 jobs as
part of a plan to replace staff who offer investment tips. They
are to be superseded
by what are called automated investment portfolio services,
though the newspaper
preferred the colloquial <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">robo-advisers</i>.
The term has been common within the financial services business
for a couple of
years.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Blasted breeding.</span>
A term in
my Sunday paper sent me to the reference books: <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">atomic gardening</i>. It turns out to have been a
scattershot space-age
marriage of nuclear technology and plant breeding. Basically,
you put a lot of
seeds in a nuclear reactor or in your local hospital’s x-ray
machine in the
hope that the radiation would induce genetic mutations instead
of killing them.
Then you planted them and waited for something interestingly new
to appear.
Surprisingly for such a random process, something often did,
including new
varieties of grapefruit and peanuts. Other names for the
technique are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">mutation
breeding</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">variation
breeding</i>. A related process
involved placing a powerful radioactive source in the middle of
a field, sometimes
called a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">radiation garden</i>,
and
growing plants around it. </p>
<h1>Dingbat</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAQChar">Q.</span> <span
class="QANChar">From Kelly
Hogan</span>: Thank you for the newsletter. I’d love to know
the origin of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">dingbat</i>,
as in the ornamental characters
used in typesetting.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAAChar">A.</span> It’s a rather
splendid word,
not least because it seems to have been considered useful for
all seasons and
situations. It is definitely American in origin and has been
recorded as variously
meaning a type of drink, a sum of money, a tramp or hobo, a
bullet or
cannonball (or generally any sort of missile), balls of dung on
the buttocks of
sheep or cattle. a foolish or insane person, student slang for a
sort of
muffin, an affectionate embrace, a term of admiration, or a
vague and
unspecified term for something or other whose real name the
person speaking
cannot bring to mind. The printing sense is a bit of a
Johnny-come-lately
within that jumble.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A note of warning should be uttered here.
Several of these
supposed meanings come from one source, a Mr Philip Hale of the
<span class="PublicationChar">Boston Journal</span> in 1895. He
had been collecting
information on various senses, which was collated in an issue of
<span class="PublicationChar">Dialect Notes</span> the same
year. Several cannot be
found in printed works. You may suspect Mr Hale of having been
credulous or perhaps
failing to check whether a speaker was using a real term or a
temporary substitute
for one he couldn’t for the moment recall.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Most examples in the nineteenth century were
references to
money:</p>
<p class="Quotation">“Rich widders are about yet,” said Nicky
Nollekins to his
friend Bunkers, “though they appear snapped up so fast.” ...
“Well I’m not
partic’lar, not I, (replied Billy.) nor never was. I’d take a
widder for my
part, if she’s got the ding-bats, and never ask no question, I’m
not proud.”</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Spirit
of Jefferson</i>
(Charlestown, Virginia), 25 July 1848.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">A
later appearance
not only illustrates another sense, but also gives us an
indirect clue to the
genesis of the term: </span></p>
<p class="Quotation">At the Methodist school at Wilbraham, Mass,
the name “dingbat”
has already been applied to a large raised biscuit that is
brought to the table
and eaten with butter or molasses in the morning. It’s palatable
to the hungry,
but is about as indigestible as a brickbat.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Placerville
Mountain
Democrat</i> (California), 31 Aug 1878, in an item reprinted
from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">New York Graphic</i>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">Brickbat</span></i><span
style="mso-fareast-language:
AR-SA">? Could <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">dingbat</i>
be a relative?
It’s usually accepted that the <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ding</i>
part is from the verb to beat, knock or strike a heavy blow. A
brickbat was an
offensive weapon (though nowadays the assault is more often
verbal) consisting rather
obviously of a lump of brick. The <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">bat</i>
in both cases was originally a stick or a stout piece of wood,
the same word as
in the modern baseball or cricket bat; it might be used for
support or to
defend oneself by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">battering</i>
an
assailant (which may remind you of the legal offence of <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">battery</i>, the infliction of unlawful personal
violence on another
person). (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Bat</i> is
from an Old French
word meaning to beat.) The missile sense of dingbat is rarely
recorded and that
mostly during the Civil War, though there are references to
its having been
used in New England for something to chastise a child with.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">Adopting
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">dingbat</i> for a thing
whose proper name eludes
one, a thingummy or doodad, appears late in the century:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Quotation">He had gone to the symphony concert expecting
to hear “After
the Ball” with variations and “Daisy Bell” without them, but
when they turned a
whole raft of con motos and scherzos and op. 27’s and
appoggiaturas and other
chromatic dingbats loose on him he began to wonder what he was
there for.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The
Daily Independent</i>
(Helena, Montana), 31 Mar 1894.</p>
<p class="Quotation">Matron Brennan had occasion to use her sewing
machine and
found the shuttle and other dingbats belonging to the machine
missing.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Dubuque
Daily Herald</i>,
21 Sep. 1898.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">We
may guess that
printers took over the term as a convenient way of describing
the miscellaneous
set of non-alphabetic type symbols that are more formally
called printer’s
ornaments (though borders and flowery ornamentals are often
separated out under
the name of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">fleurons</i>).
Here </span>Joe
Toye, <span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">writer of a
humorous column called
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">What You May,</i><span
style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA"> overhears his text being
proofread with the
printer:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Quotation">Head in a box. On the top line “the” in caps.
Next line.
What You May Column upper and lower. Third line in the box upper
and lower. By
Joe Toye with an “e” on the end of it. End of the box. ... Then
come three
dingbat stars and the next paragraph.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Boston
Sunday Post</i>,
24 Jun, 1917.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">This
is the
earliest I’ve so far found, though I suspect that a bit of
whimsy a decade
earlier by C H Lincoln in his <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">All Sorts</i>
column in another newspaper in the same city may derive from
the same idea of a
printing character (as indeed does his column’s title, as a <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">sort</i> is one character
in a font of type):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Quotation">Neither is the precious Dingbat the most
hated of animals.
We knew a printer who loved a trained Dingbat better even than
he did his dog,
and who spent many hours daily catching type-lice for it to eat.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Boston
Post</i>, 7 Jun.
1907.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">The
sense of a
stupid or crazy person starts to appear at about the same
time,</span> <span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">laying
the foundation for Archie Bunker’s
affectionate nickname for his wife Edith in the American TV
show <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">All In the Family</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1>Sic</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">There’s no tragic situation that clunky prose
can’t make
sound ridiculous. A piece Neil Hesketh saw on MSN News online on
11 March reported
that “Keith Emerson shot himself in the head in what’s likely
now a suicide
investigation.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Russell Ball discovered an unfortunate typo
on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Sydney Morning
Herald</i>’s site on 7 March,
in a story about the battle between Madonna and Guy Ritchie for
custody of
their son: “According to reports, the mum-of-four has conceded
defeat, finally
admitting that her son does not want to love with her.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">More modern slavery. Alan Tunnicliffe
submitted an advert he
found in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Press</i> of
Christchurch, New
Zealand, on 11 March: “The owner of GLN135 Audi S4 will be sold
at auction
under the Workers Lien Act if payment is not made within 30
days.”</p>
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