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<p class="Top1">World Wide Words</p>
<p class="Top2">Saturday 7 May 2016.</p>
<p class="Top3">This newsletter is also available online at <a
href="http://wwwords.org/stbi"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://wwwords.org/stbi">http://wwwords.org/stbi</a></a><br>
and is also attached to this message as a PDF file containing
illustrations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Check
the recipient
address if you reply to this message. For security reasons, it
will be rejected
if it is sent to </i><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:worldwidewords@listserv.linguistlist.org">worldwidewords@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">. Either use the email
address from the </i>Reply-to:<i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> header or — better —
create a new message
to the most appropriate of the addresses listed at the end of
this newsletter. <o:p></o:p></i></p>
<h1>Feedback, notes and comments</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Fewmet.</span>
Many readers
pointed out that I might more appropriately have quoted from T H
White’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Once and
Future King</i> of 1939; this would
seem to be the source from which everybody has copied:</p>
<p class="Quotation">“I know what fewmets are,” said the boy with
interest. “They
are the droppings of the beast pursued. The harbourer keeps them
in his horn,
to show to his master, and can tell by them whether it is a
warrantable beast
or otherwise, and what state it is in.” </p>
<p class="Quotation">“Intelligent child,” remarked the King.
“Very. Now I carry
fewmets about with me practically all the time.”</p>
<p class="Quotation">“Insanitary habit,” he added, beginning to
look dejected,
“and quite pointless. Only one Questing Beast, you know, so
there can’t be any
question whether she is warrantable or not.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Lie doggo.</span>
David Means emailed
from Kansas City: “Although I am familiar with <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">lying doggo</i> as a term for hiding temporarily, the
term I’ve heard
used most often in this region is <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">lie in
the weeds</i>, which conveys the same sense. The implication
is that weeds are
unkempt and tend to grow tall, so it’s easy for someone to lie
down in the
midst and remain relatively hidden. It’s used most often about
someone who has
made some gaffe, or has done something that is socially outside
the pale, and
needs to retire from public life for a time until it blows
over.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Dingbat.</span>
“Allow me to add further
detail to your interesting discussion,” emailed P W Bridgman. “I
would venture that many Canadians of my vintage (born 1952) will
remember the
Charles E Frosst calendars that hung in many doctors’ offices in
the 1950s and
1960s. The Frosst company was a manufacturer of pharmaceuticals
and,
undoubtedly, provided its calendars to physicians as part of its
marketing
program. The calendars are memorable for their whimsical,
cartoon-like images
of many stylised creatures, called <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">dingbats</i>,
all busy at work rendering some kind of medical care or other.
The images were
clever, highly detailed and perfectly fascinating to children
otherwise
burdened with feelings of trepidation about being subjected to
medical
assessment. The calendars provided, I suppose, a welcome and
comforting
distraction from whatever indignities might be in store when,
eventually, the
shirt came off or (heaven forbid) the pants had to come down.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Over to you.</span>
I haven’t been
able to help Rachel Clark with a query and wonder if anybody can
help. She
wrote: “I recently came across a wonderful word in my
grandmother’s letters and
things from the 1930s or so. It is <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">umphidilious</i>
(though I’m not positive on the spelling) and apparently means
wonderful or
awesome or amazing. She lived in Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, and her
heritage is
mainly Dutch I believe. My dad remembers her and others using
this word (and
its short form <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">umfy</i>)
quite
frequently. I did a web search for this word but could find
nothing.”</p>
<h1>Lame duck</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAQChar">Q.</span> <span
class="QANChar">From James
Macdonald</span>: During Barack Obama’s recent visit to
London, some British
newspapers referred to him as a <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">lame duck</i>
president. That expression is familiar to me, of course, but I
did wonder why
somebody who was ineffectual or unsuccessful should be described
in that
strange way. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Lame</i> I
can understand,
but why <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">duck</i>?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAAChar">A.</span> Lame ducks,
of course, can be incompetent
or ineffectual firms or governments as well as individuals —
British political
life has seen many examples of both described as lame ducks down
the decades. However,
the specific reference here is to American politics, an
association that began back
in the 1860s.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Despite that, for its origin we have to look
to Britain and
to the stock market of the middle of the eighteenth century. The
disabled bird
belongs with the other members of the market’s menagerie, the
bulls, bears and
stags (<a href="http://wwwords.org/blsbrs">more on the first two
here</a>). London
stockbrokers and jobbers operated from coffee houses such as
Jonathan’s and
Garraway’s in a little street called Exchange Alley, close to
the main commodity
trading centre, the Royal Exchange. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The street name was often abbreviated to
Change Alley or
just the Alley. It still exists, now officially called Change
Alley, as a
network of five back streets of no particular distinction in the
City of London.
The coffee houses are long gone; the jobbers and brokers left
even earlier,
decamping to a specially constructed building in Sweeting’s
Alley in 1773,
which later became the Stock Exchange.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">About 1760, some wit created the term for
stock market
traders who failed to pay up when bills became due, effectively
bankrupting
themselves and leading to their being barred from trading. Among
the first
people to use the term was the antiquarian and MP Horace
Walpole, the son of
Sir Robert Walpole, the man usually regarded as the first
British prime
minister. He was puzzled by the language of the trade:</p>
<p class="Quotation">Apropos, do you know what a Bull, and a Bear,
and a Lame
Duck are? Nay, nor I either: I am only certain that they are
neither animals or
fowl.</p>
<p class="Citation">A letter to Sir Horace Mann by Horace Walpole,
28 Dec. 1761.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Walpole clearly kept a close ear on evolving
language
because the currently earliest known example appeared in the <span
class="PublicationChar">Newcastle Courant</span> on 5
September that year, in a
brief report of moneys being paid by subscription into the Bank
of England,
with a note that there were “No lame ducks this time”. Within a
couple of months
the term began to appear in London newspapers and quickly became
common. This
is the earliest metropolitan example that I’ve so far unearthed:</p>
<p class="Quotation">Thursday a Lame Duck disappeared from J———’s,
to the no
small Mortification of his Brother Bulls and Bears, whom he has
touched very considerably.
... Yesterday four more Lame Ducks took their Flight.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">London
Evening Post</i>,
21 Jan. 1762.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">It’s
easy enough to
see how the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">lame</i>
part came about, a
figurative reference to a person injured through inability to
maintain his financial
position. But no reference of the time that I can find makes
clear why they were
visualised as ducks. It might, at a stretch, be a rhyme with <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">luck</i>, I suppose.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">Almost
every one of
the many later references to these failed traders refers to
them as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">waddling</i>
away, an early example being in
the </span><span class="PublicationChar">Leeds Intelligencer</span><span
style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA"> on 29 June 1762 (emphases
in the original):
“Yesterday a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">lame duck</i>
or two made
shift to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">waddle</i> out
of ’Change Alley”.
Perhaps they were low-slung portly gentlemen, the
eighteenth-century equivalent
of today’s fat cats, and the way they walked suggested a duck
with a bad foot? More
probably, having established that failures were to be called
lame ducks, the
derisive image of them struggling away limping was too good
not to use. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">Incidentally,
I can
find no examples of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">lame
duck</i> being
used literally before it took on this sense. This casts doubt
on the commonly
stated view that failed financiers were called lame ducks
because they
resembled an injured bird that was unable to keep up with the
flock and so was
more vulnerable to being attacked by a predator. And the
failures of lame ducks
in any case were usually due to their over-stretching
themselves in speculative
ventures, not being brought down by others.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">The
term was taken
to North America and came to mean there a financially unstable
or insolvent
undertaking. Its association with Washington politics is said
to have begun in
1863. </span>It refers to an elected politician who is coming
to the end of his
or her period in office and so has little or no time left to do
anything
effective. More strictly, it means one at the very end of that
period, after a
successor has been elected but before his or her term actually
ends. At one
time, this period was several months, which tempted
representatives to use
their final time in office to act in a way that benefitted only
themselves.
Scandals led to the 20th amendment to the constitution in 1933,
sometimes
called the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Lame Duck
Amendment</i>, which
shortened the period between elections and new members taking
office.<span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1>Logomaniac</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">You, dear reader, would almost certainly
happily admit to
being a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">logophile</i>, a
lover of words —
why else are you here? But what if somebody called you a <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">logomaniac</i>? I suspect you might reject the
assertion of
uncontrolled passion that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">maniac</i>
implies. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Logomaniac</i>
was
coined in the nineteenth century<span
style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">:</span></p>
<p class="Quotation"><span style="background:white">We have
outgrown the customs
of those</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:8.5pt;
color:#333333;background:white"> </span></span><span
style="background:white">logo-maniacs,
or word-worshippers, whom old Ralph Cudworth </span><span
class="st">in his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">True
Intellectual System of the Universe</i>,
p. 67, </span><span style="background:white">seems to have
had in view.</span> </p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Shakespeare
and the
Emblem Writers</i>, by Henry Green, 1870.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It had a brief spurt of usage in Australia at
the end of the
century, such as here:</p>
<p class="Quotation">What a farce must the criminal law in New
South Wales be
when any rantipole logomaniac can, by appealing to the passions
of the “great
unwashed,” suspend its machinery and render its punitive
provisions and its
administrators alike contemptible.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Evening
News</i>
(Sydney, NSW), 30. Sep. 1895. <a
href="http://wwwords.org/rntple">More on
rantipole</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Otherwise, it has only had significant
exposure in the past
50 years. Perhaps because its circulation has been so limited,
it comes to
people fresh and unworn, like a new penny. Without much in the
way of usage
examples, it’s not always easy for the tyro user, or even the
dictionaries, to
be sure exactly what people mean by it. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some reference works define it — certainly
incorrectly — as
“a person who loves words”, a simple synonym of <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">logophile</i>. Others generate deeper mental
associations by asserting
that it refers to an obsessive user of words:</p>
<p class="Quotation">[Bertrand] Russell was one of those people
who wrote almost
continuously; he lived his life on paper. ... The only
comparable logomaniac
over such a lifespan is Shaw.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The
Independent</i>, 20
Apr. 1996.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <span class="PublicationChar">Century
Dictionary</span> of
1899 went further still, suggesting that the obsession was
unhealthy by
defining <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">logomaniac</i>
as “One who is
insanely devoted to words.” A recent work implies that it may be
a mental
malaise, “pathologically excessive <span class="hvr">(and</span>
<span class="hvr">often</span>
<span class="hvr">incoherent)</span> <span class="hvr">talking”,
perhaps applicable
to people who talk to themselves in public all the time
without benefit of mobile
phone. Other authors imply it may be the lesser condition of
mere
talkativeness:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Quotation"><span class="hvr">I tried more conversational
gambits than a lonely
logomaniac at a singles’ bar.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Citation"><span class="hvr"><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Brother
Odd</i>, by Dean Koontz, 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Quotation">“This is just me, talking.”<br>
“You are crazy.”<br>
“Actually, I believe the technical term is <em><span
style="font-family:"Georgia","serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Liberation Serif"">logomaniac</span></em>.
It’s from the
Greek: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">logos</i> meaning
word, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">mania</i> meaning
two bits short of a byte.
I just love to chat is all.”</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Think
Like a Dinosaur</i>,
by James Patrick Kelly, 1995.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Confusingly, a more recent affliction given
the same name is<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> </i>an
obsession with brands and brand
images; a logomaniac of this character might be fixated on the
fashionable
display of trademarked designs on articles of clothing.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While searching online for examples of the
word’s usage, I
came across an article — it must be hoped that it had been
automatically
generated as the result of my search — entitled <span
class="PublicationChar">What
Is The Meaning Of Baby Name Logomaniac</span>? We trust no
loving but
word-ignorant parent will foist this abomination onto their
offspring.</p>
<h1>But and ben</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAQChar">Q.</span> <span
class="QANChar">From Jim
Black</span>: In Scotland, one may find a style of house known
as a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">but and ben</i>.
That’s a curious term and
I’m thinking it has an interesting history. Can you help?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAAChar">A.</span> I can. It’s a
phrase steeped
in Scottish history and culture, traditionally crofting but also
rural life
generally. It can evoke a poverty-stricken hardscrabble life
that has at times
been romanticised, as in this song by Sir Harry Lauder:</p>
<p class="Quotation">Just a wee deoch an’ doris, afore ye gang
awa’;<br>
There’s a wee wifie waitin’ in a wee but an’ ben.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Deoch an
doris</i>, a
custom of a parting drink, is from Scottish Gaelic <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">deoch an doruis</i>, a drink at the door.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The survival of the term in Scotland has been
placed
squarely on the cartoon strip <span class="PublicationChar">The
Broons</span>, which
has appeared in <span class="PublicationChar">The Sunday Post</span>
for the past
80 years. They live in the fictional Auchenshoogle, probably a
district of Glasgow,
but have a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">but an’ ben</i>
in the hills
as a holiday home. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">but
and ben</i> is a
two-roomed house of one story. There was usually only one door
to the outside;
this gave access to the kitchen, the public room in which
everyday life took
place and in which members of the family often slept. This led
into a private
inner room, where guests could be entertained and which — like
many a front
room or best room in poor but decent homes everywhere — was
often furnished to
a higher standard but less often used. If the family was large,
however, the
inner room could double up as a bedroom.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The outer room was the <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">but</i>
and the inner one the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ben</i>.
Putting
them together the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">but and
ben</i> was the
whole house.</p>
<p class="Quotation">The cottage had originally consisted of the
usual “<a name="hit1"></a>but-<a name="hit2"></a>and-<a
name="hit_last"></a>ben”, that is to
say, in well regulated houses (which this one was not) of a
kitchen — and a
room that was not the kitchen. The family beds occupied one
corner of the kitchen,
that of Bridget and her husband in the middle (including
accommodation for the
latest baby), while on either side and at the foot, shakedowns
were laid out “for
the childer,” slightly raised from the earthen floor on rude
trestles, with a
board laid across to receive the bedding.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Dew
of Their Youth</i>,
by S R Crockett, 1910.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some people have guessed that <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">ben</i> is Gaelic or from some Norse word. But there’s
no evidence for
either and the experts are now sure it’s a dialect variant of
the Middle
English <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">binne</i>,
within. (If you know Dutch
or German, you will be familiar with its relative <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">binnen</i> with the same meaning.) <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">But</i>
is a special instance of our everyday conjunction, which stems
from the Old
English <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">be-utan</i> and
which variously
meant without, except or outside.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">but</i>
was the
“outside” room and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ben</i>
the room “within”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This led to various phrases. Both words were
used in the
extended phrases <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">but the
hoose</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ben the
hoose</i> for the two rooms. To be <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">far ben with one</i> meant
to be a close
friend, who was regularly admitted to the ben. To <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">go</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">but and
ben</i> was to
move from the inner to the outer room and back again, hence
repeatedly going
backwards and forwards, to and fro. Since the but and the ben
constituted the
whole house, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">but and ben</i>
could also
mean everywhere.</p>
<p class="Quotation">Blithe, blithe and merry was she, <br>
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Blithe was she <a
name="hit4"></a>but
<a name="hit5"></a>and <a name="hit6"></a>ben: <br>
Blithe by the banks of Ern, <br>
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>And blithe in
Glenturit glen.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Blithe
Was She</i>, by
Robert Burns, in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The
Works of Robert
Burns</i>, 1800.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Families occupying two-roomed apartments in
tenements, which
led off a common passage as close neighbours, were said to be <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">living</i> <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">but and ben</i>.</p>
<h1>Type louse</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAQChar">Q.</span> <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">From Martin Schell</i>: I enjoyed your recent piece on
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">dingbat</i> and noticed
that one quotation
mentioned <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">type-lice</i>.
What does this term
refer to?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAAChar">A.</span> The species
has not been well
studied scientifically but has been identified on occasion as <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Pediculous typus</i> or <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Pyroglyphidae typographicus</i>; at one time it was
called the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">typographical
beetle</i>. British printing
shops seem thankfully free of the pest but a search among
writings by American printers
and newspapermen produced many descriptions of the damage that
these little
beasts could do. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Cedar
Rapids Tribune</i>
of January 1947, for example, described them as “the traditional
fly in the
printer’s ointment”. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">They were reported to feed on type, the
resulting gnaw marks
requiring the affected type to be thrown away. They liked to
secrete themselves
among type, sometimes, it was said, in the <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">fl</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">fi</i> ligature
compartments of type
cases where they would be least disturbed, They were often held
responsible for
errors in setting type and even of rearranging the type to make
nonsense words.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is how one Canadian publication
explained them:</p>
<p class="Quotation">In the old days, when this newspaper was
printed by means of
what is called the hot-lead system, many so-called simple errors
were caused by
type lice. Type lice laid their eggs in the bottoms of galley
trays. There they
hatched. There they spent their lives. And there they created
their havoc. If
printers carelessly left the lead type in these galley trays for
extended
periods of time, the type lice would actually consume amazingly
large
quantities of lead, often making a’s look like o’s, turning 2’s
into 3’s and worse.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The
Brandon Sun</i> (Manitoba),
6 Mar. 1975.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The same article reported that in recent
years type lice had
built up such a strong natural immunity to insecticides that
serious
infestations of the creatures had made hot-lead composition all
but impossible.
The downside of consequent advances in technology, such as
computer
typesetting, has been a serious loss of habitat, leading to a
severe decline in
the numbers of type lice; if not actually extinct they are now
restricted to small
print shops still using hot or cold metal type.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The first reported appearance of the type
louse was in <span class="PublicationChar">The Hancock
Jeffersonian</span> of Findlay, Ohio, in May 1869
(“the poor printer is often compelled to explain and show
everything about the
office, even down to the type lice”), though it’s hard to be
sure this is the
same species as others mentioned from time to time; as this
description
explained, type lice were difficult to conclusively identify:</p>
<p class="Quotation">The type louse is like the common Pediculus
capilus, in that
it is a wingless, hemipterous insect, but it is unlike in the
fact that it is
continually undergoing metamorphosis and no two persons ever saw
the insect the
same, nor no one person ever saw it twice in the same place or
same condition.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The
Evening Times</i> (Monroe,
Wisconsin), 5 Jun, 1895.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Young apprentices, traditionally called
printer’s devils, were
often told about the lice by seasoned journeymen on first
arriving in the shop,
who would promise to show the boys an example. When one was
spotted, the nuisance
potential of the type louse was such that attempts to point it
out invariably
led to unfortunate consequences:</p>
<p class="Quotation">The foreman of the office where I began
promised to show me
a type-louse — and he kept his promise. One day while he was
making up a form
on the imposing-stone — that is, placing the set type between
the column rules
and sopping it down with a wet sponge, as printers do in country
offices, he
exclaimed, “Come quick, Newt — here’s a type-louse!” I rushed to
his side.
“Right there it is,” he whispered: “bend close to that type and
look
sharp!" I followed instructions and while I was rubbering
diligently he
socked together, under my nose, two sections of water-soaked
type with great
violence, whereupon the water squirted up into my expectant face
and eyes.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The
Boston Post</i>, 6
Apr. 1922.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As the <span class="PublicationChar">Morgantown
Dominion News</span>
wrote in March 1969, the type louse “played an important role in
the training
of the novice printer”, equivalent to the left-handed monkey
wrench, ready-made
posthole, tartan paint, spare bubbles for spirit levels and
buckets of steam known
in other trades.</p>
<h1>Corium</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAQChar">Q.</span> <span
class="QANChar">From
Chester Graham</span>: I came across the word <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">corium</i> in a strange online article about nuclear
reactor disasters.
I looked it up in my favourite dictionaries, where it means one
of the layers
of skin. Has the writer made a serious mistake?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAAChar">A.</span> We must
forgive your favourite
dictionaries for not including <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">corium</i>.
Though it’s a real word with a distinct meaning, it’s part of
the specialist
jargon of nuclear safety experts and almost totally unknown to
the wider world.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It seems to have been invented by the team
investigating the
Three Mile Island nuclear accident in 1979. They used it to
describe the mass
of lava-like molten fuel, fission products, control rods,
structural materials
and concrete that flowed into the base of the reactor after it
had overheated. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I’ve not been able to track down the origin
in more detail
but it was almost certainly created as a compound of <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">core</i> with the suffix <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">-ium</i>
that usually marks a chemical element. I’d guess it was a black
joke, created
to relieve the awfulness of the situation confronting the
investigators, who needed
a term to describe the material generated by the disaster, which
hadn’t been
seen before. However, it had been a worry for years that a
disaster of the sort
might happen, and a decade earlier <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">China
syndrome</i> had appeared for a nuclear accident so bad that
the core fancifully
melted its way right through the earth.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">The
nuclear
accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima have also produced corium
and the term has
been used in the technical reports of both.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Incidentally, y<span
style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">our
dictionaries’ sense of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">corium</i>,
though
not so rare as the nuclear one, is also unfamiliar to most
people. These days,
it’s more usually called the <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">dermis</i>,
the “true skin” which lies beneath the surface layer that,
logically enough, is
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">epidermis</i>
(Greek <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">epi</i>, upon or
near). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Corium</i> is Latin for skin, hide or leather. It
appears, somewhat disguised,
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">excoriate</i>,
literally to remove the
skin but usually figuratively to criticise somebody so harshly
that it feels
like being skinned. Even more obscurely, it’s the source of <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">cuirass</i>, a piece of
armour originally
made from leather, and yet more so of <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">malicorium</i>,
an old word for the rind of the pomegranate, which strictly
speaking ought to
mean an apple skin, as it’s from Latin <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">malus</i>,
apple, though in antiquity any globular fruit could be called
an apple.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1>Sic</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">James Pearce concluded from a link he saw on
the Channel 7
website on 17 April that Australia must have a better class of
miscreant: “Cars
attacked by vandals wielding gold clubs.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Christine Shuttleworth was struck by this
image in Mary
Portas’s 2015 memoir <span class="PublicationChar">Shop Girl</span>:
“Sprawling
across two connected buildings and two floors, Jim founded
Godfrey’s nearly 20
years ago.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A similar grammatical error appeared in a
caption to a photograph
of the Nazca lines, which Erik Kowal found on the Lifehack Lane
site: “Only visible
by air, generations of scientists and historians continue to be
baffled by just
how such etchings were made.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This headline on an <span
class="PublicationChar">American
News</span> article on 15 April was spotted by Paul White:
“Defense Secretary
Goes Rouge, Leaks Precious Information About Obama.” Red faces
all round.</p>
<h1>Useful information</h1>
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