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<p class="Top1">World Wide Words</p>
<p class="Top2">Saturday 4 June 2016.</p>
<p class="Top3">This newsletter is also available online at <a
href="http://wwwords.org/lkso"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://wwwords.org/lkso">http://wwwords.org/lkso</a></a><br>
and is attached to this message as a PDF file containing
illustrations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Check
the recipient
address if you reply to this message. For security reasons, it
will be rejected
if it is sent to </i><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:worldwidewords@listserv.linguistlist.org">worldwidewords@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">. Either use the email
address from the </i>Reply-to:<i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> header or — better —
create a new message
to the most appropriate of the addresses listed at the end of
this newsletter.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<h1>Feedback, notes and comments</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">But and ben.</span>
“The term is
not one I am familiar with,” John Jefferies emailed, “but it
does bring to mind
a well-established Irish (Gaelic) word <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">bothán</i>
which is a small hut, shed or cabin and would neatly match your
description of
a small two-roomed house.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-CA"
lang="EN-CA">Barbara
Roden wrote, “</span>Your explanation of the phrase was
especially interesting,
as I’m familiar with it from a children’s skipping rhyme that
was in circulation
after the crimes of anatomists Burke and Hare in early 19th
century Edinburgh
were exposed:</p>
<p class="Quotation">Up the close and doun the stair,<br>
But and ben wi’ Burke and Hare.<br>
Burke’s the butcher, Hare’s the thief,<br>
Knox the boy that buys the beef.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dutch speakers noted the close associations
between the
Scots words and ones in their language. Alexander Bocast
commented, “The
expressions <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">binnen en
buiten</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">buiten
en binnen</i> are not uncommon in
Dutch, although they generally contrast the interior of a
building to its
exterior. For example, a restaurant might advertise <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">buiten and binnen</i> to inform customers that they
can eat either
inside or outside on, say, a terrace or patio.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Several British readers complained at my
seeming to have adopted
the US spelling <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">story</i>
instead of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">storey</i> in
this piece for one level of a
building. It was, of course, a typing error.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Logomaniac.</span>
Medical
practitioners pointed out that a person who exhibits what I
described as “pathologically
excessive (and often incoherent) talking”, is usually said to be
suffering from
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">logorrhoea</i> rather than
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">logomania</i>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="CrossheadChar">Type lice.</span>
Rob Graham
wrote, “I would like to think that by the end of the first
paragraph I was
suspicious of this lovely bit of writing. My father sent me to
the local shop
for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">elbow grease</i> when
I joined the
school army cadets and had brass buttons to polish.” David
Pearson recalls, “I,
too, was the object of many such a prank when in the 1960s I was
a fairly
gullible teenager working in a factory and later on a building
site. Among
other things, I was told to fetch a <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">skyhook</i>
(before the term became more common, notably in sci-fi) and was
sent once for a
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">long stand</i>, at which
point the
storeman disappeared for 10 minutes and was presumably sitting
out of sight
reading a newspaper while I stood waiting at the counter.”</p>
<h1>By hook or by crook</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAQChar">Q.</span><span
style="mso-fareast-language:
AR-SA"> </span><span class="QANChar">From Alice Winsome</span><span
style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">: I know that <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">by hook or by crook</i> means to do something by any
means possible,
but why those two words? What’s the story behind it?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAAChar">A.</span><span
style="mso-fareast-language:
AR-SA"> This curious phrase has bothered many people down the
years, the result
being a succession of well-meant stories, often fervently
argued, that don’t
stand up for a moment on careful examination.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">As
good a place to
start as any is the lighthouse at the tip of the Hook
peninsula in south-eastern
Ireland, said to be the world’s oldest working lighthouse. It
is at the east
side of the entrance to Waterford harbour, on the other side
of which is a little
place called Crook (or so it is said: no map I’ve consulted
shows it). One tale
claims that Oliver Cromwell proposed to invade Ireland during
the English Civil
War by way of Waterford and that he asserted he would land
there “by Hook or by
Crook”. In another version the invasion of Ireland was the one
of 1172 by Richard
de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, also known as Strongbow.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">Two
other stories
associate the phrase with gentlemen called Hook and Crook.
Both appeared in
early issues of the scholarly research publication <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Notes and Queries</i>. One linked it with the
difficulties of
establishing the exact locations of plots of land after the
great fire of
London in 1666. The anonymous writer explained:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Quotation">The surveyors appointed to determine the
rights of the
various claimants were Mr. Hook and Mr. Crook, who by the
justice of their
decisions gave general satisfaction to the interested parties,
and by their
speedy determination of the different claims, permitted the
rebuilding of the
city to proceed without the least delay. Hence arose the saying
above quoted,
usually applied to the extrication of persons or things from a
difficulty. The
above anecdote was told the other evening by an old citizen
upwards of eighty,
by no means of an imaginative temperament.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Notes
and Queries</i>,
15 Feb. 1851.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">The
other supposed derivation
was equally poorly substantiated:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Quotation">I have met with it somewhere, but have lost
my note, that
Hooke and Crooke were two judges, who in their day decided most
unconscientiously whenever the interests of the crown were
affected, and it
used to be said that the king could get anything by Hooke or by
Crooke.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Notes
and Queries</i>,
26 Jan. 1850.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">Most
of these
stories can be readily dismissed by looking at the linguistic
evidence, which tells
us that the expression is on record from the end of the
fourteenth century, by
which time it was already a set phrase with the current
meaning.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">During
this period,
local people sometimes had rights by charter or custom known
as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">fire-bote</i> to
gather firewood from local
woodlands. It was acceptable to take dead wood from the ground
or to pull down
dead branches. The latter action was carried out either with a
hook or a crook,
the latter implement being a tool like a shepherd’s crook or
perhaps just a crooked
branch.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">Little
contemporary
evidence exists for this practice. Written claims for it
dating from the
seventeenth century are said to exist for the New Forest in
southern England,
one of which argued for an immemorial right to go into the
king’s wood to take
the dead branches off the trees “with a cart, a horse, a hook
and a crook, and
a sail cloth”. Another version was once claimed to be in the
records of Bodmin
in Cornwall, whereby locals were permitted by a local prior
“to bear and carry
away on their backs, and in no other way, the lop, crop, hook,
crook, and bagwood
in the prior’s wood of Dunmeer.” Richard Polwhele’s <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Civil and Military History of Cornwall</i> of 1806
argued in support of
this claim that images of the hook and the crook were carved
on the medieval Prior’s
Cross in nearby </span>Washaway<span
style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">, though
modern writings describe them as fleurs-de-lys.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">The
examples
suggest that this origin for the expression is the correct
one, though some
doubt must remain. If so, as <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">hook</i> and
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">crook</i> were
effectively synonyms, it
was almost inevitable that they were put together to make a
reduplicated rhyming
phrase.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1>Loggerhead</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">This word appeared in the caption to a photo
I saw recently
in a whaling museum in the Azores. (I spare no effort to bring
you interesting
words.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The caption mentioned the groove that had
been worn by ropes
in the loggerhead on a whaling boat. A <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">loggerhead</i>,
I have learned, was a round timber block set upright in the
stern of the boat.
Once a harpooner had struck the whale, he passed the rope
attached to the
harpoon round the loggerhead a couple of times to hold it fast.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The loggerhead in the photo had been
carefully fashioned, so
there was nothing log-like about it other than it having been
made of timber;
however, you might fancifully say that it looked like a wooden
head. So it wasn’t
an altogether unlikely name for the contrivance. But when I came
to look into the
history of the word it turns out that the whaling sense was a
latecomer.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Loggerhead</i>
starts
to appear in the historical record near the end of the sixteenth
century. An
early example:</p>
<p class="Quotation">Ah you whoreson loggerhead! You were born to
do me shame.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Love’s
Labour’s Lost</i>,
by William Shakespeare, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">c</i>1596.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">At that time it meant a stupid person, the
closely similar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">blockhead</i>
suggesting the idea behind it.
Though presumably derived from <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">log</i>,
what a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">logger</i> was at
the time is
unclear, because it doesn’t appear in print until much later.
The usual view among
dictionary makers is that it was a heavy block of wood fastened
to the leg of a
horse to hobble it, to prevent it straying, an assertion that
dates back no
further than a dialect dictionary of 1777.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What went through the minds of whalers who
applied it to the
useful device on their boats is impossible to discover but but
we might guess
that it was similarly considered to be a dumb block of wood for
restraining an
animal, although a whale rather than a horse.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We know <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">loggerhead</i>
these days most commonly in the idiom <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">to
be at loggerheads</i>, meaning to be in stubborn or
irresolvable disagreement
or dispute over some issue:</p>
<p class="Quotation">The school security guards are now at
loggerheads with the
city’s police department, who they accuse of attempting to hide
the true scale
of the problem, to improve their crime statistics.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The
Independent</i>, 16
May 2016.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">loggerhead</i>
has
no clear meaning in current English (its whaling sense being a
long obsolete
term of art in a specialised and localised activity) the idiom
is meaningless
in itself, but its form is expressive and it has lasted
surprisingly well in
the language. It can be traced to 1671 in the related <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">go to loggerheads</i>, to start a fight, though its
modern form came
into being in the early nineteenth century.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">How <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">loggerhead</i>
began to be used for a fight is similarly lost to history. One
image it calls
up is of two thick-headed idiots face-to-face in an argument
that is likely to end
in fisticuffs. That may be enough to explain the origin.
However, some writers
point to various implements with bulbous ends, of which one was
used on board
ship:</p>
<p class="Quotation">They had been sparring, in a <a name="hit1"></a>spirit
<a name="hit2"></a>of <a name="hit3"></a>fun, <a name="hit4"></a>with
<a name="hit_last"></a>loggerheads,
those massy iron balls with long handles to be carried red-hot
from the fire
and plunged into buckets of tar or pitch so that the substance
might be melted
with no risk of flame.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The
Commodore</i>, by <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">Patrick
O’Brian</span>, 1994.<span
style="font-size:6.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There are records of the devices being used
as weapons
during close engagements of ships, perhaps contributing to the
genesis of the expression.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Another maritime association is with the <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">loggerhead turtle</i>; in
this case the idea
is that of an animal with a big, heavy head. A couple of birds,
a Falkland
Islands duck and several fish have also had the word applied to
them at various
times for related reasons. In English dialects a large moth,
tadpoles and a
species of knapweed have also been called <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">loggerheads</i>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There are three small places in England and
Wales with the
name. The one in Staffordshire is said to take its name from the
local pub, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Three
Loggerheads</i>. This almost
certainly derives from an old visual joke — the inn sign would
have pictured
only two stupid men, the third being taken to be the onlooker.</p>
<h1>Polish off</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="QAQChar">Q.</span> <span
class="QANChar">From Evan
Parry, New Zealand</span>: In conversation about a culinary
celebration, my
friend used the expression <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">polish off</i>,
thus: “I polished off the leftover food next morning”. While its
meaning in
context is generally understood, where and how did the
expression originate?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A. It does indeed often appear in connection
with food, the
key idea being that of consuming it completely and probably
quickly:</p>
<p class="Quotation">I could easily polish off a packet of
biscuits throughout
the afternoon, before my dinner of cheesy pasta with buttered
bread.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Sun</i>
(London),
15 May 2016.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">though it can be used in a variety of other
situations,
implying the rapid completion of some activity or the
subjugation of some
adversary:</p>
<p class="Quotation">Freshman Matt McFadden returned the opening
kickoff 36 yards
and senior Kyle Wigley polished off the drive with a two-yard
run into the end
zone.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Gettysburg
Times</i>
(Pennsylvania), 14 Nov. 2015.</p>
<p class="Quotation">He’ll limp to the election; cross the line
sadly weakened;
and then, in due course, be polished off by another thrusting
contender who
better understands the political process and can command a
majority of the
party.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> <o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Age</i>
(Melbourne),
24 May 2016.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The idiom has been around since at least the
early
nineteenth century. Its initial examples were all in the more
general sense,
extending to getting rid of something, or even to destroy or
kill. The
application to food seems to have come along a little later in
the century,
sometimes being simplified to <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">polish</i>
without the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">off</i>. But
in his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Classical
Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue</i>
of 1785 Francis Grose mentions <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">to polish
a bone</i>, meaning to eat a meal, so perhaps the food sense
really did come
first.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The idea here is presumably that of clearing
the dish by
eating everything on it so thoroughly that it ends up appearing
polished. This
modern work makes it explicit:</p>
<p class="Quotation">He knew that it was polite to leave a little
something on
your plate when you finished, but this evening he decided to
throw etiquette aside
and polished his plate to a shine.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe
UI","sans-serif"">Adam</span></i><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe
UI","sans-serif"">, by Richard Allen
Stotts, 2001.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">The
earliest usages
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">polish off</i>,
however, focus on
defeating somebody. Some slang dictionaries expressly say that
the first
context for the idiom was “pugilistic”, that is, linked to
bare-knuckle fist
fighting:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Quotation">Bob had his coat off at once — he stood up to
<a name="hit5"></a>the
<a name="hit6"></a>Banbury man for three minutes, and polished
him off in four
rounds easy.</p>
<p class="Citation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe
UI","sans-serif"">Vanity Fair</span></i><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe
UI","sans-serif"">, by William
Makepeace Thackeray, 1847.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:AR-SA">It
may be that a
slightly different idea is behind this meaning. Since
polishing is the last job
to be done to complete a piece of work such as making a item
of furniture, to
polish off an opponent is to finish him, to defeat him
utterly.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1>Sic</h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">Spectral examination? The lead sentence on a
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Guardian</i> article of 26
May confused
Emery Fletcher: “Shortly after receiving the news of his death,
Steve Hodel
found himself sorting through his father’s belongings.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mathematics as it isn’t taught, from the <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Observer</i> newspaper of
29 May: “Mandate
Now claims that more than four-fifths of five developed nations
have some form
of mandatory reporting.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Robert Musgrave wrote, apropos of something
completely
different: “You may be amused that my first introduction to <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Schadenfreude</i> was via a
howling misprint
in a cheap paperback dictionary, in which it was defined as the
derivation of
joy from the misfortune of otters.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">John C Waugh tells us that the <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">New Zealand Herald</i> online on 31 May reported that
“A person has
been struck by a train in Auckland for the second time today.”
Not a
particularly unfortunate passenger, but two separate incidents.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">An online report by the Australian national
public
television network SBS had the headline, “Americans are being
warned of
possible terror attacks in Europe over summer by the US State
Department.”
Thanks to Judith Lowe for spotting that.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Bill Waggoner found this in a report dated 2
June on the
website BoigBoing about a man who “has settled a case with
people who live near
him in DC, who caught him repeatedly stealing the license plates
off their
nanny's car using a hidden camera.”</p>
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