[Ads-l] Origins of "Bulldyke" and Related Terms

Thu Mar 28 11:26:02 UTC 2024

To borrow a concept from statistics, I'd say it's probable that it has some connection to Black slang, but my confidence in that probability isn't high. There isn't a lot of evidence to go on. A few more citations may eliminate that hypothesis. It's all very sketchy.

-----Original Message-----
From: "Shapiro, Fred" <fred.shapiro at YALE.EDU>
Sent: Wednesday, March 27, 2024 8:31pm
To: ADS-L at LISTSERV.UGA.EDU
Subject: Re: [ADS-L] Origins of "Bulldyke" and Related Terms

As I hope I have made clear over the years, I am not one to cling to a pet theory when evidence is found contrary to the theory. Thanks, Dave, for illuminating the question of Harvey Neal's sex. I had attempted to find other articles about Harvey Neal, but didn't go far enough in time. Do you still feel that, as you wrote in 2020, "bulldike" seems to have originated in Black slang ?

Fred Shapiro

________________________________
From: American Dialect Society <ADS-L at LISTSERV.UGA.EDU> on behalf of dave at wilton.net <dave at WILTON.NET>
Sent: Wednesday, March 27, 2024 6:56 PM
To: ADS-L at LISTSERV.UGA.EDU <ADS-L at LISTSERV.UGA.EDU>
Subject: Re: Origins of "Bulldyke" and Related Terms

The Muscatine article is a reprint of a piece that appeared in Chicago's Daily Inter-Ocean the previous day. It was reprinted in a number of other papers as well.

Harvey Neal shows up in two other Daily Inter-Ocean articles. One on 12 November 1892 when Hattie Washington stabbed him in the back with a small knife (Good for her, I say; he sounds like a delightful fellow). As in the earlier article, this one does not specify Neal's gender. But the second article, 29 May 1896, reporting on Neal's being arrested for another matter, clearly identifies him as a Black man. It is possible, I guess, that Neal could have been a trans-man, but I doubt 1890s newspaper editors were so enlightened as to take care not to misgender him.

Unless "bulldyke" had some slang currency in the sense of an overly masculine person, I think that Neal's nickname is unrelated to the later use of "bulldyke."

“A Negress Runs Amuck.” Daily Inter Ocean (Chicago), 28 July 1892, 9. NewsBank: America’s Historical Newspapers.

“Brief Mention.” Daily Inter Ocean (Chicago), 12 November 1892, 7. NewsBank: America’s Historical Newspapers.

“Celestial and Negro Quarrel.” Daily Inter Ocean (Chicago), 26 May 1896, 8. NewsBank: America’s Historical Newspapers.

[ https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordorigins.org%2Fbig-list-entries%2Fdyke&data=05%7C02%7Cfred.shapiro%40YALE.EDU%7Ceff808d23b8d40a7f7c508dc4eb1270d%7Cdd8cbebb21394df8b4114e3e87abeb5c%7C0%7C0%7C638471769972372897%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=VNrPL%2FLzAwjOosZsavwB4WzJ9zSWDXKtBJGYzVB6f2A%3D&reserved=0<https://www.wordorigins.org/big-list-entries/dyke> ]( https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordorigins.org%2Fbig-list-entries%2Fdyke&data=05%7C02%7Cfred.shapiro%40YALE.EDU%7Ceff808d23b8d40a7f7c508dc4eb1270d%7Cdd8cbebb21394df8b4114e3e87abeb5c%7C0%7C0%7C638471769972381351%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=DGVdajaal7jgSWIqaF26CrhjB%2FqARA7Ym6zMWyYEzxc%3D&reserved=0<https://www.wordorigins.org/big-list-entries/dyke> )

-----Original Message-----
From: "Shapiro, Fred" <fred.shapiro at YALE.EDU>
Sent: Wednesday, March 27, 2024 2:43pm
To: ADS-L at LISTSERV.UGA.EDU
Subject: [ADS-L] Origins of "Bulldyke" and Related Terms

One of the most interesting word-mysteries involves the origins of the word "bulldyke" and related terms such as "bulldyking," "bulldyker," and "bulldagger." The Oxford English Dictionary's first use for "bulldyker" (contributed to them by me) is from J. Richardson Parke's book Human Sexuality (1906): "In American homosexual argot, female inverts, or lesbian lovers, are known euphemistically as 'bulldykers,' whatever that may mean: at least that is their sobriquet in the 'Red Light' district of Philadelphia." Their chronologically next citation from this group of words is "She stated that she had indulged in the practice of 'bull diking,' as she termed it. She was a prisoner in one of the reformatories, and there a certain young woman fell in love with her." (Medical Review of Reviews [1921]) None of the OED citations shed any light on the meaning of the "dyke" component of the word.

A search for "bulldyke" on Newspapers.com pulls up a July 29, 1892 article in the Muscatine (Iowa) News-Tribune, beginning with the following remarkable passage: "CHICAGO ... With an idea of killing off a greater portion of the women in the levee district, Hattie Washington, a colored woman, started out at 3:30 o'clock Wednesday afternoon with a big revolver in her hand. She went to Blanche Alexander's place, at 101 Custom House place, in search of Belle Watkins, who, she said, had won the affections of Harvey Neal, alias 'Bulldyke.'" Is this the same "bulldyke" term later commonly used for "mannish" lesbians? Commentators writing about the 1892 article have suggested that Harvey Neal's name may disprove his having been a "bulldyke" in the later meaning, but that it is more likely that Harvey was a lesbian who had assumed a typically male name.

There is a bizarre additional angle to the Harvey Neal question. Immediately adjacent to the article in the Muscatine newspaper appears a story about the murder of Freda Ward by Alice Mitchell. Alice Mitchell and Freda Ward were lovers, and Ward's highly publicized murder was the incident that first brought lesbianism into widespread public consciousness. I imagine that the placement of the two items in the newspaper was purely coincidental, but it almost seems like the Muscatine News-Tribune had some kind of special focus on lesbianism.

I should point out that the OED mentions the Hattie Washington incident (citing to an identical report in the Chicago Inter Ocean, July 28) in an etymological note. They ask the reader to "compare the following isolated early use as a nickname for a person who is confirmed to be male in another part of the story." However, there is no mention of Harvey Neal in any other part of the story in either newspaper.

Fred Shapiro

 1.

------------------------------------------------------------
The American Dialect Society - https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americandialect.org%2F&data=05%7C02%7Cfred.shapiro%40YALE.EDU%7Ceff808d23b8d40a7f7c508dc4eb1270d%7Cdd8cbebb21394df8b4114e3e87abeb5c%7C0%7C0%7C638471769972387154%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=ee3FrJhU8bUgFdNXZHqGrY%2FlAG%2BbkyJ4X3SJR9geQII%3D&reserved=0<http://www.americandialect.org/>

------------------------------------------------------------
The American Dialect Society - https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americandialect.org%2F&data=05%7C02%7Cfred.shapiro%40YALE.EDU%7Ceff808d23b8d40a7f7c508dc4eb1270d%7Cdd8cbebb21394df8b4114e3e87abeb5c%7C0%7C0%7C638471769972391438%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=EjrNUQkhmYfyFI3hpVWPzYtzW1I%2BA1TMDhJbMTqF15M%3D&reserved=0<http://www.americandialect.org/>

------------------------------------------------------------
The American Dialect Society - http://www.americandialect.org

------------------------------------------------------------
The American Dialect Society - http://www.americandialect.org