Chilton Part I 4 Representation

[杉森 典子]

I have found this section extremely interesting. With some
basic knowledge in semantics, this section is not so
difficult to understand. I need to refresh my memory on
semantics. This section has given me a new idea about how
to analyze the data I am working on.

One part I was not clear was 'e.' in the following
quotation from Dowty 1991. Probably I need to locate
Dowty, but I would like to ask you in case you already
know.

Question 1: What is an example sentence for 'e'?
Question 2: Why is 'e' parenthesized?
Question 3. Think of the following two sentences.
  The emperor turned 60.
  The emperor welcomed his sixtieth birthday.
In these sentences, is the emperor Patient?


Quotation from Dowty 1991 (in Chilton pp53-4)
Contributing Properties for the Prototypical Agent:
a. volitional involvement in the event or state
b. sentence (and/or perception)
c. causing an event or change of state in another
participant
d. movemnet (relative to the position of another
participant)
(3. exists independently of the event named by the verb)

Contributing Properties for the Prototypical Patient:
a. undergoes change of state
b. incremental theme
c. causally affected by another participant
d. stationary relative to movement of another participant
(e. does not exist independently of the event, or not at
all)

Outline of 4 Representation
Chilton argues that much of the interaction has to do with
communicating representations of the world.

p49 non-existent entities can be accepted as having
meaning and the way in which alternate ways of referring
to the same entity can have different meanings.

Chilton analyzes the sense or representation in mind and
in language-in-use using cognitive approaches. First, he
explains the concepts of key terms and applications of
these temrs in analyzing political discourse.

Frames
Frames are '"an area of experience" in a particular
culture' (Werth 1999)

Metaphar
Social entities have 'a centre', 'insiders' and
'outsiders', people 'on the margin', etc. Ex. Hitler

Actors and events
Prototypical agents and patients

Indexicality and the dimensions of deixis
Space, time and society
The modal axis: reality and morality

Inexplicit meaning
speakers have a degree of coice in the wording and
phrasing htat prompts heaers to experience particular
meanings.

Entailment
Presupposition

A negatied entailing sentence destroys the entailed
sentence, whereas a negated presupposing sentence
preserves its presupposition.
Example: The prime minister of Russia is visiting today.

Presuppostions are used wehn they are not expected to be
challenged or rejected.

Presumptions



Noriko Sugimori
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杉森典子
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