One and a half documents on Horatio Hale (nayka chxi munk-bastEn ukuk...)

[Liland Brajant ROS�]

A couple of years ago Dave Robertson sent me a couple
of short articles about Horatio Hale that were
published in the interlinguistics journal
Planlingvistiko or Planlingvistika Dokumentaro (I'm
not sure what the official title is), with the request
that I "munk-bastEn ukuk". I proceeded to misplace
them, and only this week, returning from the Esperanto
conference (where I had taken them to illustrate my
talk on CJ) in Sidney, have I had a chance to
translate them. Here they are, with my deep apologies
for the delay...

I should note that the second document (the one by
Bernard Golden) is the last part of a two-or-more-part
publication. I do not have the first part(s); do you,
Dave?

haluo = lilEnd
__________

Planlingvistika Dokumentaro, vol. 3, no. 12, p. 12

Oregon Trade Language: an artificial language?

by Tazio Carlevaro

  In M. Monnerot-Dumaine's Précis d'interlinguistique
générale et spéciale (Paris, 1960, Maloine; p. 189) we
 find the concise information that one H. Hale
published, in 1894 in London, a project for an
international language called "Oregon Trade Language".
According to Monnerot-Dumaine, we are dealing here
with anglais simplifié pour le commerce (English
simplified for commerce).
  Petro Stojan in his Bibliografio de Internacia
Lingvo (Bibliography of International Language, 1929),
at § 5891, in fact mentions two works by Hale: An
International Language, London 1890, and An Int.
Idiom, A manual of [Stojan writes or] the Oregon Trade
 Language, London 1894. Stojan likewise indicates
angle simplita (simplified English).
  The fact is that Horatio Hale in principle did not
propose an international or simplified English
language. In his A Manual of the Oregon Trade
Language, which was published by Whittaker in London
in the year 1890, he attempted to present
scientifically the pidgin language at that time spoken
between Oregon and Alaska, since about 1800, by about
a hundred thousand people from various languages
(Chinook, Nootka, Chehalis, French, English), a pidgin
which has in the meantime disappeared.
  Giorgio R. Cardona alludes to this study, among
others, in his Comment published in the just-out
Italian-language edition of a book by Franz Boas,
Introduction to the American Indian Languages (Turin
1979: Boringhieri). Naturally Boas' work was
originally in English, and much earlier (1911).
  Why did the misunderstanding occur? I don't know,
however Drezen in his Historio de la Mondolingvo
(History of the World Language), having mentioned on
p. 139 the H. Hale's "language" (which according to
Drezen appeared in 1894), later, on p. 152, asserts
that H. Hale was also one of those commissioned by the
famous American Philosophical Society to survey the
planned-language problem (but in fact that commission
did nothing). Thus two dissimilar fields of activity
on Hale's part were condensed into one.

Planlingvistika Dokumentaro, (vol. ?, no. ?, )pp.
16-17

Horatio Hale and Oregon Trade Language

by Bernard Golden

(continued from the previous issue)

5. Publications by Horatio Hale
  The chief topic of Horatio Hale's letter cited above
is an article entitled "An International Language",
which Hale had prepared to appear in a weekly journal
called The Critic. The editors had originally
requested an article about Volapük, but Hale broadened
the subject matter to be more general and to include
information about the action of the APS. He wrote that
the article was to appear "this week or next". It
follows from this that the first publication of "An
International Language" dates from the month of June
in 1888. So far I have not been able to track down The
Critic, so I haven't been able to get hold of a
photocopy of the article. Still prior to publication,
Hale suggested that APS should order a quantity of
copies of The Critic for distribution to philologists
in Europe and elsewhere. In his letter of 2 Oct 1888,
likewise addressed to Henry Phillips, Jr., Hale
informs him that he also intends to have the article
in question printed as a brochure. This doubtless is
the publication referred to in bibliographies as: An
International Language (London, 1890).  The earliest
recorded citation, to my knowledge, is by Couturat and
Leau (1903, p. 369, fn. 1), which calls it an
opuscule, without indicating the number of pages.
  In the same year was published a book by Hale on the
Chinook Jargon: A manual of the Oregon trade langauge
or "Chinook Jargon" (London, Whittaker and Co., 1890).
Once again the bibliographical references about this
textbook are defective, and it is not possible to tell
how many pages it had.
  The next publication is enigmatic, and I suspect
that it is a bibliographical phantom, i.e. a book
never published in the year 1894. The earliest record
is in Stojan's bibliography (1929, no. 5891) in this
form: An Int. Idiom a manual or [sic] the Oregon trade
l. 1894 London [angle simplita]. Drezen (1931, p. 139,
fn. 4) copied the title according to Stojan
faithfully, right down to the erroneous preposition
"or" instead of "of", but he replaced the
abbreviations with complete words: Int. =
International; l. = language. He explains that Hugo
Schuchardt cites this work of Hale's in his
Weltsprache und Weltsprachen (Strassburg, 1894).
  "Schuchardt draws an analogy between that language
and the English jargon employed in relations between
whites and Indians in Columbia. That publication is
also cited by Couturat and Leau." First of all,
Couturat and Leau do not cite this work of Hale's,
although the Chinook Jargon (le chinook) is mentioned
twice (pp. 236 and 280). However, in the first
footnote on page 564 reference is made to Schuchardt's
book, published in the year 1894. Since it is
improbable that a book that appeared in London in 1894
could be cited in a work published the same year in
Strassburg, I hypothesize that the year 1894 for
Hale's work is erroneous, but I don't know whether
that error was already present in Schuchardt's
publication itself and was later repeated by Stojan
and others (Monnerot-Dumaine, 1960, p. 189;
Szerdahelyi, 1977, p. 349, note 15 - but on p. 38 the
date given for the same work is 1890!).
  Note that the title of Hale's work cited as
published in 1894 is almost identical to that of 1890:
A manual of the Oregon trade language. The sole
difference is the addition at the beginning of the
following three words: An international idiom. They
could be the subtitle, or part of the title on the
cover. Although owing to the lack of bibliographical
details such as the number of pages and the dimensions
it is not possible to be one hundred percent certain
that the two citations refer to the same work, the
most convincing proof of the nonexistence of Hale's
1894 work is the fact that no present-day specialist
dealing with the Chinook Jargon cites it in his
bibliography (Hymes, 1971, pp. 16, 191-2, 277-8).
  This picture of Horatio Emmons Hale as an explorer
in the field of American Indian Linguistics and
Ethnography - two branches of anthropology which he
regarded as inseparable or indistinguishable - serves
as background for the next step: to examine in more
detail his attitude with regard to international
planned languages.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brinton D G - Phillips H - Snyder Monroe 1888. Report
of the Commit[t]ee appointed Oct. 21, 1887, to examine
into the scientific value of the Volapük, presented to
the American Philosophical Society, Nov. 18, 1887 and
January 6, 1888. Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society, vol. 25, no. 127, pp. 3-17.
Brinton D G - Phillips H - Snyder, Monroe. 1889.
Supplementary Report of the Commit[t]ee Appointed to
Consider an International Language, presented on
December 7, 1888. Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society, vol. 25, no. 128, pp. 312-8.
Carlevaro, Tazio. 1984. Oregon Trade Language: æu
artefarita lingvo? Planlingvistiko, vol. 3, no. 12, p.
12.
Couturat, Louis - Leau, Léopold. 1903 (1979). Histoire
de la Langue Universelle. Paris: Hildesheim/New York
(photo-reprint).
Dictionary of American Biography. Hale, Horatio
Emmons.
Drezen, Ernst. 1931 (1967). Historio de la
Mondolingvo. Third edition. Leipzig/Ôsaka
(photo-reprint).
The New Encyclopaedia Britannica - Micropaedia. 1974.
Hale, Horatio Emmons, vol. IV, p. 849.
Golden, Bernard. 1980. Henry Phillips, Jr. (1838-1895)
- la unua esperantisto en Ameriko. Israela
Esperantisto, no. 71, pp. 4-6. ELNA Newsletter -
Zamenhof Supplement.
Golden, Bernard. 1981. La cirkulero de la Amerika
Filozofia Societo de 1888. Kulturaj Kajeroj, no.1, p.
5.
Hale, Horatio Emmons, 1888a. Letter to Henry Phillips,
Jr. Clinton, Canada, June 13, 1888, 3 pp.
Hale, Horatio Emmons, 1888b. Letter to Henry Phillips,
Jr. Clinton, Canada, Oct. 2, 1888, 12 pp.
Hale, Horatio Emmons, 1888c. Letter to Henry Phillips,
Jr. Clinton, Canada, Oct. 13, 1888, 4 pp.
Hymes, Dell (ed.). 1971. Pidginization and
Creolization of Languages. Cambridge.
Monerrot-Dumaine, M. 1960. Précis d'interlinguistique
générale et spéciale. Paris.
Stojan, Petro E. 1929 (1973). Bibliografio de
Internacia Lingvo. Genève; Hildesheim/New York
(photo-reprint).
Szerdahelyi István. 1977. Bábeltól a világnyelvig.
Budapest.
Glosses
amerindo - (< en Amerind, n.): American Indian
antropologio (instead of the inadequate definition in
Plena Ilustrita Vortaro): the scientific study of
man,comprising physical anthropology, or human
biology, and cultural anthropology, whose branches are
archaeology, ethnography, social anthropology, and
linguistics.
komerc-lingvo (< en trade language): a mixed language
(lingua franca, pidgin) whose simplified form and
hybrid lexicon make possible communication among
speakers of various languages, particularly for
purposes of trade.





=====
Ros' Haruo = Leland Bryant Ross
(Ros' estas la familia nomo)
Persona TTTejo : http://www.scn.org/~lilandbr/
Esperanto * Kantoj * Baptismo * Himnoj * Melvilo * Sushio
Seatlo * Lingvoj * Beletro Usona * dxwlEšucid * ktp






		
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