Local area human history extends 12,000 years (fwd)

Thu Mar 11 01:42:27 UTC 2004

Local area human history extends 12,000 years
http://www.eastvalleynews.com/appeal/article.cfm?i=3635
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JEFF BREKAS
Correspondent
March 10
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Probably no more than 50,000 native Americans consisting of more than
100 tribes and mobile bands resided in what is now Oregon when in 1792
Captain Robert Gray of Boston became the first white man known to cross
the Columbia River bar and meet the natives.
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The population, one of the world?s richest in linguistic diversity, was 
distributed unevenly here since arriving 10-12,000 years ago from Asia.
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Few made the Willamette Valley home, but maps show in remote times the 
Molalla Tribe once resided along a 225-mile stretch of the western 
slopes of the Cascade Mountain Range from the Clackamas River to the 
Rogue River. A band of Molallas called the ?Chakankni? resided on a 
high ridge near Prospect, but pioneers believed these Indians were 
separate from members to the north as they spoke an entirely different 
language.
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The Molalla tribe originated with the Cayuse tribe in northeastern
Oregon, prior to becoming revolutionists, being evicted and migrating
to western Oregon before eventually being cut off from their homeland
by hostile Tenino or Paiute tribes of the Deschutes River Basin. The
few Molallans in eastern Douglas County became farmers with white
settlement, but the members of the Mukanti band of the tribe who
occupied the Molalla River Valley in Clackamas County remained hunters,
fishermen, gatherers and diggers of roots.
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The Molallas had a few horses, introduced to this continent by the
Spaniards in the 1500s.
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Occasionally, hunters would venture back as far east as the Deschutes
River. This practice was unlike hunters from native valley tribes and
bands such as the Santiam Band of the Kalapuyan Tribe who resided in
the foothills east of Albany. Settlers who utilized members of the
Santiam Band as guides, learned quickly they were of little use more
than 25 miles from home.
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?Sahptin? was spoken by the Molalla Tribe, very similar to the 
Waiilatpuan family of language spoken by the Cayuse and the Lutuamian 
family of language used by the Klamath and Modoc tribes.
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Tall in stature as compared with valley tribes, in winter the Molallas
resided in earth-covered lodges of 16-to-60 feet in diameter, more
common to the Klamath than to valley tribes.
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Visits to the shaman and a sweat house were the remedy for all
diseases. When ghosts were waiting to take the soul of a sick person,
the medicine man made a deer for the ghost to chase, making him forget
the soul.
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The Molallan males were believed to have two souls, and when both were
taken away they would die.
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The name ?Molalla? came from the word ?moolek? for elk and ?olilla? for 
berries, as elk, blackberries, blueberries and huckleberries were 
plentiful in the new territory. Twenty-seven early spellings of Molalla 
included Molallah, Molayless, Moolalles, Molala, Molalallas, Molalle, 
Molealley and Polealley.
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Abiqua Indians were a small band of the Molalla Tribe that resided 
Abiqua Creek, spelled ?Alberqua? Creek on early maps.
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The 1986 book ?Homer, The Country Boy? by the late Mickey G. Hickman 
stated the native American meaning of Abiqua as ?end of the trail.?

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The area between the Molalla River and Silver Creek, and Abiqua Creek 
and Tapalamahoh (Mount of Communion) where Mt. Angel Abbey now stands 
was the end of the trail for the Klamath Tribe that migrated north each 
fall via a Santiam Pass Indian trail. In 1873 brothers Ephraim and 
Henry Henness discovered the trail. It was named after ?Uncle? John 
Minto of Salem who in 1874 convinced the Marion County Board of 
Commissioners to authorize a survey of the trail for a wagon road.
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The Molallas once used this trail heavily, but abandoned the trail 
after a bloody battle with the Cayuse between Mt. Jefferson and 
Three-Fingered Jack. The tribe believed the spirits of the dead 
warriors haunted the ground where they fell. Thereafter the Molallas 
commenced utilizing a trail that followed the Molalla River and skirted 
the south side of 4,881-foot Table Rock. Klamaths were here to escape 
frigid temperatures and to worship at Tapalamahoh, where they believed 
they were closer to their gods. White settlers first called the butte 
?Grizzly Butte? and then ?Graves Butte? before the rise was called 
?Mount Angel.?
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?The Indians along the Abiqua River had an interesting religious life,? 
wrote Robert Horace Down in his 1926 book ?A History of the Silverton 
Country.?
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?They took long fasts in the wilderness, in order that they might 
purify themselves to communicate with the invisible world...?
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Down described the Indian shrine at Tapalamahoh as a small circular 
enclosure that faced toward the south on the side of the hill. He said 
in the shrine the Native Americans seated themselves to gaze out at the 
widening landscape that on a clear day offered a view of Mary?s Peak.
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?Marriage was by wife purchase,? Down wrote. ?The property received for 
the girl was sometimes divided among the relatives. If a young man 
tried to buy a wife but his goods were refused, he might try two or 
three times.
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?If still unsuccessful, he hid in the woods until the girl came by. At 
last he carried her away. Her relatives might go and bring her back. If 
she persisted three times in going with her lover, her people let her 
go. Then a normal sum was paid for her and all her relatives attended 
the marriage.?
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Down was less than complimentary and perhaps bigoted by modern
standards in describing the Molallans.
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?The squaws were modern and reserved, and never forward,? he wrote. 
?They bartered with the settlers for small articles or sold them 
berries. Their mentality was low. In personal appearance they were 
careless and dirty, even filthy. All wore long hair, which was never 
combed and which was covered in vermin.?
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Slaves, taken by Molallans from neighboring valley tribes, were not
believed to be mistreated physically, but they lived a life of
drudgery. Ill slaves were allowed to recover, but were returned to the
hard tasks when restored. When they died they were not buried in mounds
as were tribal members, but were placed on the ground in the open air
to decay or be consumed by animals.
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The Molalla Trail to the Klamet (Klamath) as shown by the 
Gibbs-Starling sketch map of 1851 shows the trail started at Philip 
Foster?s Road to The Dalles near Eagle Creek and followed what is now 
Highway 211 to Mollalla. From Molalla the trail followed what is now 
Highway 213 to Silverton, continued south through the Waldo Hills to 
Stayton, Scio, Griggs, Lebanon, Brownsville and through ?the big gap? 
to Spore?s Ferry on the McKenzie River north of Springfield. Pine trees 
native to Central Oregon were sown by the Indians to mark the trail, 
perhaps including the recently deceased tree at Lone Pine that has also 
been known as Pine Tree Four Corners (Highway 213 and Mt. Angel-Scotts 
Mills Highway).
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Hickman wrote the Santiams and the Molallas met for ?pow wows? under 
the oak tree that stood on East Main Street near First Street until 
1892. He stated the tree furnished shade for untold generations and was 
on their route to and from the councils with the ?great? Multnomah 
Tribe at the Columbia River.
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Silverton muralist Lori Lee Webb depicted the native Americans at the 
tree in her 1995 mural ?The Old Oak? on the west wall of Silver Falls 
Bank, but not before months of careful research to accurately depict 
the appearance and dress of the local tribal members who utilized 
buckskins, beaver pelts and teeth.
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To the west of what became the Silverton Country was the territory of
the Kalapuyan Tribe, as their hunting ground extended across Howell
Prairie to the Ahatchuyk River, the native American name for the
Pudding River. Ahatchuyk Indians were an extinct band of the Kalapuyans
who resided along the river.
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Kalapuyan territory once reached from just upriver from Willamette
Falls to the Umpqua River drainage.
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