[Corpora-List] Corpora Digest, Vol 84, Issue 36
Patrick Hanks
patrick.w.hanks at gmail.com
Mon Jun 30 13:16:53 UTC 2014
The term* prototype *comes from Eleanor Rosch, an anthropologist who
applied it in the 1970s to elements of cognition and has attracted a wide
following. She showed that concepts tend to be built around "prototypes"
rather than being arrived at by "definitions".
Also in the 1970s, the philosopher Hilary Putnam used the term *s*
*tereotype* when pointing out that, even if a tiger is defined as a
four-legged wild animal with a striped coat, a three-legged tame albino
tiger (i.e. a tiger that is a counterexample to all the defining terms)
would still be a tiger.
*Archetype* would be an equally good term, but I don't know of any relevant
history of that term. (There probably is one.) The imprtant thing is to get
away from the notion of definitions, challenge the natural human obsession
with boundary cases (which is ridiculous if
*Prototype* is established as a conventional term, so normally I use it.
In this posting, however, I will experiment with using *stereotype*. Is it
any better? I doubt it.
& & &
It is important to distinguish stereotypes of word meaning from stereotypes
of word use. At least one of the recent postings shows signs of confusing
them.
As a corpus linguist and lexicographer, I argue that words have meaning
potential, rather meaning as such). I aim to map stereotypical phraseology
onto stereotypical meanings on empirically good foundations
(generalizations based on analysis of large quantities of actual uses of
each word). One result provides strong empirical confirmation of Sincliir's
observation that "many, if not most, meanings require the presence of more
than one word." Many if not most meanings are associated with patterns,
rather than individual words.
& & &
Easy to spot? OK, maybe not so easy in running discourse -- and (pardon
me, Kevin) not always reliable if based on introspection. But easy as pie
when you look at the patterns in a concordance.
Patrick Hanks
On 28 June 2014 21:00, <corpora-request at uib.no> wrote:
> Today's Topics:
>
> 1. Re: examples of the use of the terms "prototypical" or
> "prototypicality" (Marko, Georg (georg.marko at uni-graz.at))
> 2. Re: examples of the use of the terms "prototypical" or
> "prototypicality" (Jim Fidelholtz)
> 3. Re: examples of the use of the terms "prototypical" or
> "prototypicality" (Erin McKean)
> 4. Re: examples of the use of the terms "prototypical" or
> "prototypicality" (John F Sowa)
> 5. Re: examples of the use of the terms "prototypical" > or
> "prototypicality" (Geoffrey Williams)
> 6. Re: examples of the use of the terms "prototypical" > or
> "prototypicality" (Angus B. Grieve-Smith)
> 7. Re: examples of the use of the terms "prototypical" > or
> "prototypicality" (Geoffrey Williams)
>
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Message: 1
> Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 13:53:34 +0200
> From: "Marko, Georg (georg.marko at uni-graz.at)"
> <georg.marko at uni-graz.at>
> Subject: Re: [Corpora-List] examples of the use of the terms
> "prototypical" or "prototypicality"
> To: "corpora at uib.no" <corpora at uib.no>
>
> "Some great quotes too, eg p91-92 "Prototypical, normal usage is very easy
> to spot?; it is also very boring.""
>
> I have not read the book, so I don't know the context of the quote. From a
> discourse analytical perspective (at least mine), I find the normal not
> that easy to stop, neither with corpus analytical tools nor - and even less
> so - by linguistic intuition. And I find the boring - if this is the
> repetitive and the banal - exciting, probably because it is often more
> influential and does not attract our attention. (Probably an
> overinterpretation of the original quote.)
>
> I have a problem with the term "prototype" in connection with
> differentiating between difference senses in connection with polysemy
> because as far as I understand prototype semantics, it means degree of
> membership within the concept associated with one of these senses (i.e.
> the features of the typical unmarried man as the prototype of "bachelor"
> rather than the choice between the senses 'unmarried man' vs. 'academic
> degree'). There is probably some overlap, especially since different senses
> might not be clearly distinguishable within polysemy.
>
> Interesting question.
>
> Best
>
> Georg
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 2
> Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 10:44:22 -0500
> From: Jim Fidelholtz <fidelholtz at gmail.com>
> Subject: Re: [Corpora-List] examples of the use of the terms
> "prototypical" or "prototypicality"
> To: "Marko, Georg (georg.marko at uni-graz.at)" <georg.marko at uni-graz.at>
> Cc: "corpora at uib.no" <corpora at uib.no>
>
> I have evidently not worked enough in this area. For me, 'prototype' means
> 'an original, perhaps imperfect, version of something'. The word we have
> been discussing here would seem to be 'arquetype', at least for me. I
> suppose I should do a corpus or Google search to see where the hell this
> usage came from while I must have been napping.
>
> Jim
>
> James L. Fidelholtz
> Posgrado en Ciencias del Lenguaje
> Instituto de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades
> Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, MÉXICO
>
>
> On Sat, Jun 28, 2014 at 6:53 AM, Marko, Georg (georg.marko at uni-graz.at) <
> georg.marko at uni-graz.at> wrote:
>
> > "Some great quotes too, eg p91-92 "Prototypical, normal usage is very
> easy
> > to spot?; it is also very boring.""
> >
> > I have not read the book, so I don't know the context of the quote. From
> a
> > discourse analytical perspective (at least mine), I find the normal not
> > that easy to stop, neither with corpus analytical tools nor - and even
> less
> > so - by linguistic intuition. And I find the boring - if this is the
> > repetitive and the banal - exciting, probably because it is often more
> > influential and does not attract our attention. (Probably an
> > overinterpretation of the original quote.)
> >
> > I have a problem with the term "prototype" in connection with
> > differentiating between difference senses in connection with polysemy
> > because as far as I understand prototype semantics, it means degree of
> > membership within the concept associated with one of these senses (i.e.
> > the features of the typical unmarried man as the prototype of "bachelor"
> > rather than the choice between the senses 'unmarried man' vs. 'academic
> > degree'). There is probably some overlap, especially since different
> senses
> > might not be clearly distinguishable within polysemy.
> >
> > Interesting question.
> >
> > Best
> >
> > Georg
> > _______________________________________________
> > UNSUBSCRIBE from this page: http://mailman.uib.no/options/corpora
> > Corpora mailing list
> > Corpora at uib.no
> > http://mailman.uib.no/listinfo/corpora
> >
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> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 3
> Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 09:05:34 -0700
> From: Erin McKean <erin at logocracy.com>
> Subject: Re: [Corpora-List] examples of the use of the terms
> "prototypical" or "prototypicality"
> To: Alex Boulton <alex.boulton at univ-lorraine.fr>
> Cc: corpora at uib.no
>
> Thank you! (and thanks also for the other very helpful suggestions). I
> am hot on the trail ...
>
> Erin
>
>
> On 6/27/14, 11:00 PM, Alex Boulton wrote:
> > Dear all
> >
> > Various bits of discussion on this in several places in Patrick's 2013
> > book, including around pp90-105 and 340, but it's pretty much what the
> > whole book is about - norms (cf prototypes) not just of lexis but of
> > pretty much any type of language use, and exploitations.
> >
> > * Hanks, P. 2013. /Lexical Analysis: Norms and Exploitations/.
> > Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
> >
> > Some great quotes too, eg p91-92 "Prototypical, normal usage is very
> > easy to spot?; it is also very boring."
> >
> > Best
> > alex
> >
> >
> > **_____________________________*
> > Alex Boulton
> > *
> > Professor of English and Applied Linguistics
> >
> > Université de Lorraine : Pearl, Erudi, Dépt d'anglais
> > <mailto:boulton at univ-nancy2.fr>
> >
> > homepage:http://bit.ly/BoultonATILF
> >
> >
> > Responsable équipe Didactique (Crapel)
> >
> > Atilf : CNRS, UL
> > (+33) 03 54 50 51 06
> >
> >
> > ReCALL, Eurocall, Geras, TaLC
> >
> >
> > ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> >
> > *De: *"Erin McKean" <erin at logocracy.com>
> > *À: *corpora at uib.no
> > *Envoyé: *Samedi 28 Juin 2014 03:26:25
> > *Objet: *[Corpora-List] examples of the use of the terms
> > "prototypical" or "prototypicality"
> >
> > Dear Corpora-Lers,
> >
> > Does anyone have handy citations for the use of "prototypical" or
> > "prototypicality" in corpus linguistics to mean something roughly
> > equivalent to "the most central use of a word, especially in regards
> to
> > referents or collocations"?
> >
> > I'm thinking of the case where you describe senses of a word in an
> > order
> > that roughly maps to "core -- periphery" rather than historical
> > order or
> > frequency of use. E.g. for things like "cask", the "water-tight
> vessel"
> > would be a more prototypical sense than the "unit of capacity for
> what
> > can be held in a cask" sense.
> >
> > My feeling is that this is described quite beautifully by Patrick
> Hanks
> > somewhere but I can't seem to find a reference!
> >
> > Any help gratefully appreciated!
> >
> > Yours,
> >
> > Erin
> > ---------------------
> > Erin McKean
> > @emckean/@reverb/@wordnik
> > wordnik.com
> > helloreverb.com
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > UNSUBSCRIBE from this page: http://mailman.uib.no/options/corpora
> > Corpora mailing list
> > Corpora at uib.no
> > http://mailman.uib.no/listinfo/corpora
> >
> >
>
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 4
> Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 14:20:58 -0400
> From: John F Sowa <sowa at bestweb.net>
> Subject: Re: [Corpora-List] examples of the use of the terms
> "prototypical" or "prototypicality"
> To: corpora at uib.no
>
> The historian of science, William Whewell (1858), wrote an analysis and
> defense of the methods used by Linnaeus and other botanists:
>
> > Though in a Natural group of objects a definition can no longer be of any
> > use as a regulative principle, classes are not therefore left quite
> loose,
> > without any certain standard or guide. The class is steadily fixed,
> though
> > not precisely limited; it is given, though not circumscribed; it is
> > determined, not by a boundary line without, but by a central point
> within;
> > not by what it strictly excludes, but by what it eminently includes;
> > by an example, not by a precept; in short, instead of a Definition we
> have
> > a Type for our director.
>
> See below for a longer excerpt by Whewell and an argument by J. S. Mill
> for a statistical approach.
>
> John
> ________________________________________________________________________
>
> Excerpt from http://www.jfsowa.com/pubs/cogcat.htm
>
> All logic-based methods ranging from the Tree of Porphyry to the latest
> formal ontologies are examples of an Aristotelian top-down approach, but
> Aristotle himself recommended bottom-up methods for analyzing empirical
> data. Whewell (1858) went further in claiming that top-down definitions
> are useless in biology:
> > Natural groups are given by Type, not by Definition. And this
> consideration
> > accounts for that indefiniteness and indecision which we frequently find
> > in the descriptions of such groups, and which must appear so strange and
> > inconsistent to anyone who does not suppose these descriptions to assume
> > any deeper ground of connection than an arbitrary choice of the botanist.
> >
> > Thus in the family of the rose tree, we are told that the ovules are very
> > rarely erect, the stigmata usually simple. Of what use, it might be
> asked,
> > can such loose accounts be? To which the answer is, that they are not
> > inserted to distinguish the species, but in order to describe the family,
> > and the total relations of the ovules and the stigmata of the family are
> > better known by this general statement....
> >
> > Though in a Natural group of objects a definition can no longer be of any
> > use as a regulative principle, classes are not therefore left quite
> loose,
> > without any certain standard or guide. The class is steadily fixed,
> though
> > not precisely limited; it is given, though not circumscribed; it is
> > determined, not by a boundary line without, but by a central point
> within;
> > not by what it strictly excludes, but by what it eminently includes;
> > by an example, not by a precept; in short, instead of a Definition we
> have
> > a Type for our director.
>
> Mill (1865) dropped the assumption of necessary and sufficient
> conditions, but he still believed that a closed-form definition was
> possible. He advocated a weaker criterion based on all of the necessary
> characteristics and a majority of the optional ones:
>
> > Whatever resembles the genus Rose more than it resembles any other genus,
> > does so because it possesses a greater number of the characters of that
> > genus, than of the characters of any other genus. Nor can there be the
> > smallest difficulty in representing, by an enumeration of characters,
> > the nature and degree of the resemblance which is strictly sufficient
> > to include any object in the class. There are always some properties
> > common to all things which are included. Others there often are, to which
> > some things, which are nevertheless included, are exceptions. But the
> > objects which are exceptions to one character are not exceptions to
> another:
> > the resemblance which fails in some particulars must be made up for in
> others.
> > The class, therefore, is constituted by the possession of all the
> characters
> > which are universal, and most of those which admit of exceptions.
>
> Mill, John Stuart (1865) A System of Logic, Longmans, London.
>
> Whewell, William (1858) History of Scientific Ideas, J. W. Parker & Son,
> London.
>
>
>
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 5
> Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 20:04:52 +0200
> From: Geoffrey Williams <williams at univ-ubs.fr>
> Subject: Re: [Corpora-List] examples of the use of the terms
> "prototypical" > or "prototypicality"
> To: "Krishnamurthy, Ramesh" <r.krishnamurthy at aston.ac.uk>
> Cc: "corpora at uib.no" <corpora at uib.no>
>
> Hi,`
>
> In discussing Patrick, I think you should realize that he was basing his
> prototypes on Wittgenstein, not Rosch. The articles where he discusses
> these are:
>
> > Hanks, P. 1994. Linguistic norms and pragmatic exploitations or, why
> lexicographers need prototype theory, and vice versa. Papers in
> Computational Lexicography: Complex 94: 89?113.
> >
> and
> > Hanks, P. 2000. Do word meanings exist? Computers and the Humanities
> 34(1?2): 205?215.
> >
> >
> The aim was to create lexicographical prototypes to deal with polysemy by
> having a continuum of variations of meaning. I have used this myself in
> collocational resonance, something I share with Patrick, and multilingual
> prototypes for variations across genres and across languages.
>
> You need to read Wittgenstein?s Philosophical Investigations, rather than
> the Tractatus, for family resemblances, notably with a discussion go ?game?.
>
> Best
>
> Geoffrey
>
> Le 28 juin 2014 à 11:00, Krishnamurthy, Ramesh <
> r.krishnamurthy at aston.ac.uk> a écrit :
>
> > Hi Erin/Alex
> > Apologies to all for hitting 'send' before inserting the subject line in
> my previous email....
> >
> > One additional point: I was interested to see, glancing through the
> occurrences of 'prototypical' in
> > 009_2004_V1_Patrick HANKS_Corpus pattern ... - Euralex<
> http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CDkQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euralex.org%2Felx_proceedings%2FEuralex2004%2F009_2004_V1_Patrick%2520HANKS_Corpus%2520pattern%2520analysis.pdf&ei=9n2uU-e4Hu2g7AadnYCADA&usg=AFQjCNGtE5j1N-FunxRyaCWmROMIYFk_Ng&bvm=bv.69837884,d.ZGU
> >www.euralex.org/.../009_2004_V1_Patrick%20HANKS_Corpus%20patt...
> > that he *rarely* used it *in the way that Erin specified*, namely "the
> most central use of a word"....
> >
> > Instead , i noticed it was mostly 'prototypical syntagmatic *patterns*,
> prototypical *usage*, prototypical *direct objects*, etc',
> > i.e. linguistic items/features at higher levels of abstraction than
> 'word senses'.
> >
> > I didn't look carefully enough, so there may a citation in Erin's
> limited sense, but if not, perhaps Patrick was, consciously
> > or subconsciously, telling us something about his understanding of the
> relationship between 'prototypes' and 'word senses'?
> >
> >> From various conversations with Patrick, i remember the names
> Jackendoff, Rosch, and Wierzbicka came up in connection with
> > prototype theory, but i can't remember any details, i'm afraid...
> >
> > best
> > ramesh
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > ------------------
> > Dear all
> >
> > Various bits of discussion on this in several places in Patrick's 2013
> book, including around pp90-105 and 340, but it's pretty much what the
> whole book is about - norms (cf prototypes) not just of lexis but of pretty
> much any type of language use, and exploitations.
> >
> > * Hanks, P. 2013. Lexical Analysis: Norms and Exploitations .
> Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
> >
> > Some great quotes too, eg p91-92 " Prototypical, normal usage is very
> easy to spot?; it is also very boring."
> >
> > Best
> > alex
> >
> > _____________________________
> > Alex Boulton
> >
> > Professor of English and Applied Linguistics
> >
> > Université de Lorraine : Pearl, Erudi, Dépt d'anglais
> >
> > homepage : http://bit.ly/BoultonATILF
> >
> > Responsable équipe Didactique (Crapel)
> > Atilf : CNRS, UL
> > ( +33) 03 54 50 51 06
> >
> > ReCALL, Eurocall, Geras, TaLC
> > ----- Mail original -----
> >
> >> De: "Erin McKean" <erin at logocracy.com>
> >> À: corpora at uib.no
> >> Envoyé: Samedi 28 Juin 2014 03:26:25
> >> Objet: [Corpora-List] examples of the use of the terms "prototypical"
> >> or "prototypicality"
> >
> >> Dear Corpora-Lers,
> >
> >> Does anyone have handy citations for the use of "prototypical" or
> >> "prototypicality" in corpus linguistics to mean something roughly
> >> equivalent to "the most central use of a word, especially in regards
> >> to
> >> referents or collocations"?
> >
> >> I'm thinking of the case where you describe senses of a word in an
> >> order
> >> that roughly maps to "core -- periphery" rather than historical order
> >> or
> >> frequency of use. E.g. for things like "cask", the "water-tight
> >> vessel"
> >> would be a more prototypical sense than the "unit of capacity for
> >> what
> >> can be held in a cask" sense.
> >
> >> My feeling is that this is described quite beautifully by Patrick
> >> Hanks
> >> somewhere but I can't seem to find a reference!
> >
> >> Any help gratefully appreciated!
> >
> >> Yours,
> >
> >> Erin
> >> ---------------------
> >> Erin McKean
> >> @emckean/@reverb/@wordnik
> >> wordnik.com
> >> helloreverb.com
> >
> > ________________________________
> > From: Krishnamurthy, Ramesh
> > Sent: 28 June 2014 09:44
> > To: erin at logocracy.com
> > Cc: corpora at uib.no
> > Subject:
> >
> >
> > Hi Erin
> >
> > I just typed 'hanks prototypical' into Google and obtained several
> hits...
> >
> > #1 The website at seems to be down at the moment,
> > but there is at least one citation at nlp.fi.muni.cz/projekty/cpa/
> >
> > #2 one of the google hits was patrick hanks's paper at:
> > 009_2004_V1_Patrick HANKS_Corpus pattern ... - Euralex<
> http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CDkQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euralex.org%2Felx_proceedings%2FEuralex2004%2F009_2004_V1_Patrick%2520HANKS_Corpus%2520pattern%2520analysis.pdf&ei=9n2uU-e4Hu2g7AadnYCADA&usg=AFQjCNGtE5j1N-FunxRyaCWmROMIYFk_Ng&bvm=bv.69837884,d.ZGU
> >www.euralex.org/.../009_2004_V1_Patrick%20HANKS_Corpus%20patt...
> >
> > #3 this paper's list of references includes:
> > Hanks, Patrick. 1994. 'Linguistic Norms and Pragmatic Explanations, or
> Why
> > Lexicographers need Prototype Theory and Vice Versa' in F. Kiefer, G.
> Kiss, and J.
> > Pajzs (eds.), Papers in Computational Lexicography: Complex '94.
> Research institute
> > for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
> >
> > #4 Google Scholar offers 4,950 hits for 'hanks prototypical'
> >
> > best
> > ramesh
> > ---------------
> > Date: Fri, 27 Jun 2014 18:26:25 -0700
> > From: Erin McKean <erin at logocracy.com>
> > Subject: [Corpora-List] examples of the use of the terms
> > "prototypical" or "prototypicality"
> > To: corpora at uib.no
> >
> > Dear Corpora-Lers,
> >
> > Does anyone have handy citations for the use of "prototypical" or
> > "prototypicality" in corpus linguistics to mean something roughly
> > equivalent to "the most central use of a word, especially in regards to
> > referents or collocations"?
> >
> > I'm thinking of the case where you describe senses of a word in an order
> > that roughly maps to "core -- periphery" rather than historical order or
> > frequency of use. E.g. for things like "cask", the "water-tight vessel"
> > would be a more prototypical sense than the "unit of capacity for what
> > can be held in a cask" sense.
> >
> > My feeling is that this is described quite beautifully by Patrick Hanks
> > somewhere but I can't seem to find a reference!
> >
> > Any help gratefully appreciated!
> >
> > Yours,
> >
> > Erin
> > ---------------------
> > Erin McKean
> > @emckean/@reverb/@wordnik
> > wordnik.com
> > helloreverb.com
> >
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > UNSUBSCRIBE from this page: http://mailman.uib.no/options/corpora
> > Corpora mailing list
> > Corpora at uib.no
> > http://mailman.uib.no/listinfo/corpora
>
> Professor Geoffrey WILLIAMS. MSc, PhD
> Director of Department for Document Management / Directeur du Département
> d'Ingénierie du document
> Director of Master in Publishing and Digital Humanities / Directeur du
> Master Métiers du Livre et les Humanités Numériques
> LiCoRN : www.licorn-ubs.com / www.evalhum.eu / Twitter @EvalHum / EvalHum
> on Facebook
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> geoffrey.williams at univ-ubs.fr
> tél. +33 (0)2 97 87 29 20 - fax. +33 (0)2 97 87 29 31
> Faculté de Lettres Langues Sciences Humaines
> et Sociales (LSHS)
> 4 rue Jean Zay
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>
> Ce message est confidentiel. Que vous l?ayez reçu par erreur ou que vous
> en soyez le ou la destinataire, vous êtes prié de ne pas en divulguer le
> contenu.
>
>
>
>
>
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> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 6
> Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 14:46:42 -0400
> From: "Angus B. Grieve-Smith" <grvsmth at panix.com>
> Subject: Re: [Corpora-List] examples of the use of the terms
> "prototypical" > or "prototypicality"
> To: corpora at uib.no
>
> Rosch definitely built on Wittgenstein. I know Wittgenstein talked
> about family resemblances, but I don't know where he talked about
> prototypes. I discuss his example of "games" here:
>
> http://grieve-smith.com/blog/2013/02/in-a-wittgensteinian-sort-of-way/
>
> Thanks for the pointeres to Hanks' work!
>
> On 06/28/2014 02:04 PM, Geoffrey Williams wrote:
> > Hi,`
> >
> > In discussing Patrick, I think you should realize that he was basing
> > his prototypes on Wittgenstein, not Rosch. The articles where he
> > discusses these are:
> >
> >> Hanks, P. 1994. Linguistic norms and pragmatic exploitations or, why
> >> lexicographers need prototype theory, and vice versa. Papers in
> >> Computational Lexicography: Complex 94: 89?113.
> >>
> > and
> >>
> >> Hanks, P. 2000. Do word meanings exist? Computers and the Humanities
> >> 34(1?2): 205?215.
> >>
> >>
> > The aim was to create lexicographical prototypes to deal with polysemy
> > by having a continuum of variations of meaning. I have used this
> > myself in collocational resonance, something I share with Patrick, and
> > multilingual prototypes for variations across genres and across
> languages.
> >
> > You need to read Wittgenstein?s Philosophical Investigations, rather
> > than the Tractatus, for family resemblances, notably with a discussion
> > go ?game?.
> >
> > Best
> >
> > Geoffrey
> >
> > Le 28 juin 2014 à 11:00, Krishnamurthy, Ramesh
> > <r.krishnamurthy at aston.ac.uk <mailto:r.krishnamurthy at aston.ac.uk>> a
> > écrit :
> >
> >> Hi Erin/Alex
> >> Apologies to all for hitting 'send' before inserting the subject line
> >> in my previous email....
> >>
> >> One additional point: I was interested to see, glancing through the
> >> occurrences of 'prototypical' in
> >> 009_2004_V1_Patrick HANKS_Corpus pattern ... -
> >> Euralex<
> http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CDkQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euralex.org%2Felx_proceedings%2FEuralex2004%2F009_2004_V1_Patrick%2520HANKS_Corpus%2520pattern%2520analysis.pdf&ei=9n2uU-e4Hu2g7AadnYCADA&usg=AFQjCNGtE5j1N-FunxRyaCWmROMIYFk_Ng&bvm=bv.69837884,d.ZGU
> >www.euralex.org/.../009_2004_V1_Patrick%20HANKS_Corpus%20patt
> >> <http://www.euralex.org/.../009_2004_V1_Patrick%20HANKS_Corpus%20patt
> >...
> >> that he *rarely* used it *in the way that Erin specified*, namely
> >> "the most central use of a word"....
> >>
> >> Instead , i noticed it was mostly 'prototypical syntagmatic
> >> *patterns*, prototypical *usage*, prototypical *direct objects*, etc',
> >> i.e. linguistic items/features at higher levels of abstraction than
> >> 'word senses'.
> >>
> >> I didn't look carefully enough, so there may a citation in Erin's
> >> limited sense, but if not, perhaps Patrick was, consciously
> >> or subconsciously, telling us something about his understanding of
> >> the relationship between 'prototypes' and 'word senses'?
> >>
> >>> From various conversations with Patrick, i remember the names
> >>> Jackendoff, Rosch, and Wierzbicka came up in connection with
> >> prototype theory, but i can't remember any details, i'm afraid...
> >>
> >> best
> >> ramesh
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> ------------------
> >> Dear all
> >>
> >> Various bits of discussion on this in several places in Patrick's
> >> 2013 book, including around pp90-105 and 340, but it's pretty much
> >> what the whole book is about - norms (cf prototypes) not just of
> >> lexis but of pretty much any type of language use, and exploitations.
> >>
> >> * Hanks, P. 2013. Lexical Analysis: Norms and Exploitations .
> >> Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
> >>
> >> Some great quotes too, eg p91-92 " Prototypical, normal usage is very
> >> easy to spot?; it is also very boring."
> >>
> >> Best
> >> alex
> >>
> >> _____________________________
> >> Alex Boulton
> >>
> >> Professor of English and Applied Linguistics
> >>
> >> Université de Lorraine : Pearl, Erudi, Dépt d'anglais
> >>
> >> homepage : http://bit.ly/BoultonATILF
> >>
> >> Responsable équipe Didactique (Crapel)
> >> Atilf : CNRS, UL
> >> ( +33) 03 54 50 51 06
> >>
> >> ReCALL, Eurocall, Geras, TaLC
> >> ----- Mail original -----
> >>
> >>> De: "Erin McKean" <erin at logocracy.com <mailto:erin at logocracy.com>>
> >>> À: corpora at uib.no <mailto:corpora at uib.no>
> >>> Envoyé: Samedi 28 Juin 2014 03:26:25
> >>> Objet: [Corpora-List] examples of the use of the terms "prototypical"
> >>> or "prototypicality"
> >>
> >>> Dear Corpora-Lers,
> >>
> >>> Does anyone have handy citations for the use of "prototypical" or
> >>> "prototypicality" in corpus linguistics to mean something roughly
> >>> equivalent to "the most central use of a word, especially in regards
> >>> to
> >>> referents or collocations"?
> >>
> >>> I'm thinking of the case where you describe senses of a word in an
> >>> order
> >>> that roughly maps to "core -- periphery" rather than historical order
> >>> or
> >>> frequency of use. E.g. for things like "cask", the "water-tight
> >>> vessel"
> >>> would be a more prototypical sense than the "unit of capacity for
> >>> what
> >>> can be held in a cask" sense.
> >>
> >>> My feeling is that this is described quite beautifully by Patrick
> >>> Hanks
> >>> somewhere but I can't seem to find a reference!
> >>
> >>> Any help gratefully appreciated!
> >>
> >>> Yours,
> >>
> >>> Erin
> >>> ---------------------
> >>> Erin McKean
> >>> @emckean/@reverb/@wordnik
> >>> wordnik.com <http://wordnik.com>
> >>> helloreverb.com
> >>
> >> ________________________________
> >> From: Krishnamurthy, Ramesh
> >> Sent: 28 June 2014 09:44
> >> To: erin at logocracy.com <mailto:erin at logocracy.com>
> >> Cc: corpora at uib.no <mailto:corpora at uib.no>
> >> Subject:
> >>
> >>
> >> Hi Erin
> >>
> >> I just typed 'hanks prototypical' into Google and obtained several
> >> hits...
> >>
> >> #1 The website at seems to be down at the moment,
> >> but there is at least one citation at nlp.fi.muni.cz/projekty/cpa/
> >>
> >> #2 one of the google hits was patrick hanks's paper at:
> >> 009_2004_V1_Patrick HANKS_Corpus pattern ... -
> >> Euralex<
> http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CDkQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euralex.org%2Felx_proceedings%2FEuralex2004%2F009_2004_V1_Patrick%2520HANKS_Corpus%2520pattern%2520analysis.pdf&ei=9n2uU-e4Hu2g7AadnYCADA&usg=AFQjCNGtE5j1N-FunxRyaCWmROMIYFk_Ng&bvm=bv.69837884,d.ZGU
> >www.euralex.org/.../009_2004_V1_Patrick%20HANKS_Corpus%20patt
> >> <http://www.euralex.org/.../009_2004_V1_Patrick%20HANKS_Corpus%20patt
> >...
> >>
> >> #3 this paper's list of references includes:
> >> Hanks, Patrick. 1994. 'Linguistic Norms and Pragmatic Explanations,
> >> or Why
> >> Lexicographers need Prototype Theory and Vice Versa' in F. Kiefer, G.
> >> Kiss, and J.
> >> Pajzs (eds.), Papers in Computational Lexicography: Complex '94.
> >> Research institute
> >> for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
> >>
> >> #4 Google Scholar offers 4,950 hits for 'hanks prototypical'
> >>
> >> best
> >> ramesh
> >> ---------------
> >> Date: Fri, 27 Jun 2014 18:26:25 -0700
> >> From: Erin McKean <erin at logocracy.com <mailto:erin at logocracy.com>>
> >> Subject: [Corpora-List] examples of the use of the terms
> >> "prototypical" or "prototypicality"
> >> To: corpora at uib.no <mailto:corpora at uib.no>
> >>
> >> Dear Corpora-Lers,
> >>
> >> Does anyone have handy citations for the use of "prototypical" or
> >> "prototypicality" in corpus linguistics to mean something roughly
> >> equivalent to "the most central use of a word, especially in regards to
> >> referents or collocations"?
> >>
> >> I'm thinking of the case where you describe senses of a word in an order
> >> that roughly maps to "core -- periphery" rather than historical order or
> >> frequency of use. E.g. for things like "cask", the "water-tight vessel"
> >> would be a more prototypical sense than the "unit of capacity for what
> >> can be held in a cask" sense.
> >>
> >> My feeling is that this is described quite beautifully by Patrick Hanks
> >> somewhere but I can't seem to find a reference!
> >>
> >> Any help gratefully appreciated!
> >>
> >> Yours,
> >>
> >> Erin
> >> ---------------------
> >> Erin McKean
> >> @emckean/@reverb/@wordnik
> >> wordnik.com <http://wordnik.com>
> >> helloreverb.com
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> _______________________________________________
> >> UNSUBSCRIBE from this page: http://mailman.uib.no/options/corpora
> >> Corpora mailing list
> >> Corpora at uib.no
> >> http://mailman.uib.no/listinfo/corpora
> >
> > *Professor Geoffrey WILLIAMS. MSc, PhD */
> > Director of Department for Document Management / Directeur du
> > Département d'Ingénierie du document
> > Director of Master in Publishing and Digital Humanities / Directeur du
> > Master Métiers du Livre et les Humanités Numériques
> > LiCoRN : www.licorn-ubs.com / www.evalhum.eu / Twitter @EvalHum /
> > EvalHum on Facebook /
> > ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> > geoffrey.williams at univ-ubs.fr
> > tél. +33 (0)2 97 87 29 20 - fax. +33 (0)2 97 87 29 31
> > Faculté de Lettres Langues Sciences Humaines
> > et Sociales (LSHS)
> > 4 rue Jean Zay
> > BP92113, 56321 LORIENT CEDEX
> > UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE-SUD
> > www.univ-ubs.fr / www.licorn-ubs.com
> >
> > ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> > Ce message est confidentiel. Que vous l?ayez reçu par erreur ou que
> > vous en soyez le ou la destinataire, vous êtes prié de ne pas en
> > divulguer le contenu.
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > UNSUBSCRIBE from this page: http://mailman.uib.no/options/corpora
> > Corpora mailing list
> > Corpora at uib.no
> > http://mailman.uib.no/listinfo/corpora
>
>
> --
> Angus B. Grieve-Smith
> grvsmth at panix.com
>
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>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 7
> Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 21:00:32 +0200
> From: Geoffrey Williams <williams at univ-ubs.fr>
> Subject: Re: [Corpora-List] examples of the use of the terms
> "prototypical" > or "prototypicality"
> To: "Angus B. Grieve-Smith" <grvsmth at panix.com>
> Cc: corpora at uib.no
>
> Hi Angus,
>
> I do not believe he ever used the word. It is possibly more Patrick who
> called them thus. We can only wait for Patrick to weigh in with an answer,
> or maybe Bill Louw as he is more philosophically read than I.
>
> Best
>
> Geoffrey
>
> Le 28 juin 2014 à 20:46, Angus B. Grieve-Smith <grvsmth at panix.com> a
> écrit :
>
> > Rosch definitely built on Wittgenstein. I know Wittgenstein talked
> about family resemblances, but I don't know where he talked about
> prototypes. I discuss his example of "games" here:
> >
> > http://grieve-smith.com/blog/2013/02/in-a-wittgensteinian-sort-of-way/
> >
> > Thanks for the pointeres to Hanks' work!
> >
> > On 06/28/2014 02:04 PM, Geoffrey Williams wrote:
> >> Hi,`
> >>
> >> In discussing Patrick, I think you should realize that he was basing
> his prototypes on Wittgenstein, not Rosch. The articles where he discusses
> these are:
> >>
> >>> Hanks, P. 1994. Linguistic norms and pragmatic exploitations or, why
> lexicographers need prototype theory, and vice versa. Papers in
> Computational Lexicography: Complex 94: 89?113.
> >>>
> >> and
> >>> Hanks, P. 2000. Do word meanings exist? Computers and the Humanities
> 34(1?2): 205?215.
> >>>
> >>>
> >> The aim was to create lexicographical prototypes to deal with polysemy
> by having a continuum of variations of meaning. I have used this myself in
> collocational resonance, something I share with Patrick, and multilingual
> prototypes for variations across genres and across languages.
> >>
> >> You need to read Wittgenstein?s Philosophical Investigations, rather
> than the Tractatus, for family resemblances, notably with a discussion go
> ?game?.
> >>
> >> Best
> >>
> >> Geoffrey
> >>
> >> Le 28 juin 2014 à 11:00, Krishnamurthy, Ramesh <
> r.krishnamurthy at aston.ac.uk> a écrit :
> >>
> >>> Hi Erin/Alex
> >>> Apologies to all for hitting 'send' before inserting the subject line
> in my previous email....
> >>>
> >>> One additional point: I was interested to see, glancing through the
> occurrences of 'prototypical' in
> >>> 009_2004_V1_Patrick HANKS_Corpus pattern ... - Euralex<
> http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CDkQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euralex.org%2Felx_proceedings%2FEuralex2004%2F009_2004_V1_Patrick%2520HANKS_Corpus%2520pattern%2520analysis.pdf&ei=9n2uU-e4Hu2g7AadnYCADA&usg=AFQjCNGtE5j1N-FunxRyaCWmROMIYFk_Ng&bvm=bv.69837884,d.ZGU
> >www.euralex.org/.../009_2004_V1_Patrick%20HANKS_Corpus%20patt...
> >>> that he *rarely* used it *in the way that Erin specified*, namely "the
> most central use of a word"....
> >>>
> >>> Instead , i noticed it was mostly 'prototypical syntagmatic
> *patterns*, prototypical *usage*, prototypical *direct objects*, etc',
> >>> i.e. linguistic items/features at higher levels of abstraction than
> 'word senses'.
> >>>
> >>> I didn't look carefully enough, so there may a citation in Erin's
> limited sense, but if not, perhaps Patrick was, consciously
> >>> or subconsciously, telling us something about his understanding of the
> relationship between 'prototypes' and 'word senses'?
> >>>
> >>>> From various conversations with Patrick, i remember the names
> Jackendoff, Rosch, and Wierzbicka came up in connection with
> >>> prototype theory, but i can't remember any details, i'm afraid...
> >>>
> >>> best
> >>> ramesh
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> ------------------
> >>> Dear all
> >>>
> >>> Various bits of discussion on this in several places in Patrick's 2013
> book, including around pp90-105 and 340, but it's pretty much what the
> whole book is about - norms (cf prototypes) not just of lexis but of pretty
> much any type of language use, and exploitations.
> >>>
> >>> * Hanks, P. 2013. Lexical Analysis: Norms and Exploitations .
> Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
> >>>
> >>> Some great quotes too, eg p91-92 " Prototypical, normal usage is very
> easy to spot?; it is also very boring."
> >>>
> >>> Best
> >>> alex
> >>>
> >>> _____________________________
> >>> Alex Boulton
> >>>
> >>> Professor of English and Applied Linguistics
> >>>
> >>> Université de Lorraine : Pearl, Erudi, Dépt d'anglais
> >>>
> >>> homepage : http://bit.ly/BoultonATILF
> >>>
> >>> Responsable équipe Didactique (Crapel)
> >>> Atilf : CNRS, UL
> >>> ( +33) 03 54 50 51 06
> >>>
> >>> ReCALL, Eurocall, Geras, TaLC
> >>> ----- Mail original -----
> >>>
> >>>> De: "Erin McKean" <erin at logocracy.com>
> >>>> À: corpora at uib.no
> >>>> Envoyé: Samedi 28 Juin 2014 03:26:25
> >>>> Objet: [Corpora-List] examples of the use of the terms "prototypical"
> >>>> or "prototypicality"
> >>>
> >>>> Dear Corpora-Lers,
> >>>
> >>>> Does anyone have handy citations for the use of "prototypical" or
> >>>> "prototypicality" in corpus linguistics to mean something roughly
> >>>> equivalent to "the most central use of a word, especially in regards
> >>>> to
> >>>> referents or collocations"?
> >>>
> >>>> I'm thinking of the case where you describe senses of a word in an
> >>>> order
> >>>> that roughly maps to "core -- periphery" rather than historical order
> >>>> or
> >>>> frequency of use. E.g. for things like "cask", the "water-tight
> >>>> vessel"
> >>>> would be a more prototypical sense than the "unit of capacity for
> >>>> what
> >>>> can be held in a cask" sense.
> >>>
> >>>> My feeling is that this is described quite beautifully by Patrick
> >>>> Hanks
> >>>> somewhere but I can't seem to find a reference!
> >>>
> >>>> Any help gratefully appreciated!
> >>>
> >>>> Yours,
> >>>
> >>>> Erin
> >>>> ---------------------
> >>>> Erin McKean
> >>>> @emckean/@reverb/@wordnik
> >>>> wordnik.com
> >>>> helloreverb.com
> >>>
> >>> ________________________________
> >>> From: Krishnamurthy, Ramesh
> >>> Sent: 28 June 2014 09:44
> >>> To: erin at logocracy.com
> >>> Cc: corpora at uib.no
> >>> Subject:
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> Hi Erin
> >>>
> >>> I just typed 'hanks prototypical' into Google and obtained several
> hits...
> >>>
> >>> #1 The website at seems to be down at the moment,
> >>> but there is at least one citation at nlp.fi.muni.cz/projekty/cpa/
> >>>
> >>> #2 one of the google hits was patrick hanks's paper at:
> >>> 009_2004_V1_Patrick HANKS_Corpus pattern ... - Euralex<
> http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CDkQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euralex.org%2Felx_proceedings%2FEuralex2004%2F009_2004_V1_Patrick%2520HANKS_Corpus%2520pattern%2520analysis.pdf&ei=9n2uU-e4Hu2g7AadnYCADA&usg=AFQjCNGtE5j1N-FunxRyaCWmROMIYFk_Ng&bvm=bv.69837884,d.ZGU
> >www.euralex.org/.../009_2004_V1_Patrick%20HANKS_Corpus%20patt...
> >>>
> >>> #3 this paper's list of references includes:
> >>> Hanks, Patrick. 1994. 'Linguistic Norms and Pragmatic Explanations, or
> Why
> >>> Lexicographers need Prototype Theory and Vice Versa' in F. Kiefer, G.
> Kiss, and J.
> >>> Pajzs (eds.), Papers in Computational Lexicography: Complex '94.
> Research institute
> >>> for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
> >>>
> >>> #4 Google Scholar offers 4,950 hits for 'hanks prototypical'
> >>>
> >>> best
> >>> ramesh
> >>> ---------------
> >>> Date: Fri, 27 Jun 2014 18:26:25 -0700
> >>> From: Erin McKean <erin at logocracy.com>
> >>> Subject: [Corpora-List] examples of the use of the terms
> >>> "prototypical" or "prototypicality"
> >>> To: corpora at uib.no
> >>>
> >>> Dear Corpora-Lers,
> >>>
> >>> Does anyone have handy citations for the use of "prototypical" or
> >>> "prototypicality" in corpus linguistics to mean something roughly
> >>> equivalent to "the most central use of a word, especially in regards to
> >>> referents or collocations"?
> >>>
> >>> I'm thinking of the case where you describe senses of a word in an
> order
> >>> that roughly maps to "core -- periphery" rather than historical order
> or
> >>> frequency of use. E.g. for things like "cask", the "water-tight vessel"
> >>> would be a more prototypical sense than the "unit of capacity for what
> >>> can be held in a cask" sense.
> >>>
> >>> My feeling is that this is described quite beautifully by Patrick Hanks
> >>> somewhere but I can't seem to find a reference!
> >>>
> >>> Any help gratefully appreciated!
> >>>
> >>> Yours,
> >>>
> >>> Erin
> >>> ---------------------
> >>> Erin McKean
> >>> @emckean/@reverb/@wordnik
> >>> wordnik.com
> >>> helloreverb.com
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> _______________________________________________
> >>> UNSUBSCRIBE from this page: http://mailman.uib.no/options/corpora
> >>> Corpora mailing list
> >>> Corpora at uib.no
> >>> http://mailman.uib.no/listinfo/corpora
> >>
> >> Professor Geoffrey WILLIAMS. MSc, PhD
> >> Director of Department for Document Management / Directeur du
> Département d'Ingénierie du document
> >> Director of Master in Publishing and Digital Humanities / Directeur du
> Master Métiers du Livre et les Humanités Numériques
> >> LiCoRN : www.licorn-ubs.com / www.evalhum.eu / Twitter @EvalHum /
> EvalHum on Facebook
> >> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> >> geoffrey.williams at univ-ubs.fr
> >> tél. +33 (0)2 97 87 29 20 - fax. +33 (0)2 97 87 29 31
> >> Faculté de Lettres Langues Sciences Humaines
> >> et Sociales (LSHS)
> >> 4 rue Jean Zay
> >> BP92113, 56321 LORIENT CEDEX
> >> UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE-SUD
> >> www.univ-ubs.fr / www.licorn-ubs.com
> >>
> >> Ce message est confidentiel. Que vous l?ayez reçu par erreur ou que
> vous en soyez le ou la destinataire, vous êtes prié de ne pas en divulguer
> le contenu.
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> _______________________________________________
> >> UNSUBSCRIBE from this page: http://mailman.uib.no/options/corpora
> >> Corpora mailing list
> >> Corpora at uib.no
> >> http://mailman.uib.no/listinfo/corpora
> >
> >
> > --
> > Angus B. Grieve-Smith
> > grvsmth at panix.com
> > _______________________________________________
> > UNSUBSCRIBE from this page: http://mailman.uib.no/options/corpora
> > Corpora mailing list
> > Corpora at uib.no
> > http://mailman.uib.no/listinfo/corpora
>
> Professor Geoffrey WILLIAMS. MSc, PhD
> Director of Department for Document Management / Directeur du Département
> d'Ingénierie du document
> Director of Master in Publishing and Digital Humanities / Directeur du
> Master Métiers du Livre et les Humanités Numériques
> LiCoRN : www.licorn-ubs.com / www.evalhum.eu / Twitter @EvalHum / EvalHum
> on Facebook
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> geoffrey.williams at univ-ubs.fr
> tél. +33 (0)2 97 87 29 20 - fax. +33 (0)2 97 87 29 31
> Faculté de Lettres Langues Sciences Humaines
> et Sociales (LSHS)
> 4 rue Jean Zay
> BP92113, 56321 LORIENT CEDEX
> UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE-SUD
> www.univ-ubs.fr / www.licorn-ubs.com
>
> Ce message est confidentiel. Que vous l?ayez reçu par erreur ou que vous
> en soyez le ou la destinataire, vous êtes prié de ne pas en divulguer le
> contenu.
>
>
>
>
>
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>
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