Imprensa": "Preserving Languages Is About More Than Words"

Wed Apr 15 21:46:21 UTC 2009

Matéria do *Washington Post* (16/mar/2009). Entre as línguas mencionadas
estão o Quechua e o Kallawaya.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/15/AR2009031501857.html

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*Preserving Languages Is About More Than Words
*

By Kari Lydersen
Washington Post Staff Writer
Monday, March 16, 2009; A07

The traditional Irish language is everywhere this time of year, emblazoned
on green T-shirts and echoing through pubs. But Irish, often called Gaelic
in the United States, is one of thousands of "endangered languages"
worldwide. Though it is Ireland's official tongue, there are only about
30,000 fluent speakers left, down from 250,000 when the country was founded
in 1922.

Irish schools teach the language as a core subject, but outside a few
enclaves in western Ireland, it is relatively rare for families to speak it
at home.

"There's the gap between being able to speak Irish and actually speaking it
on a daily basis," said Brian O'Conchubhair, an assistant professor of Irish
studies at the University of Notre Dame who grew up learning Irish in
school. "It's very hard to find it in the cities; it's like a hidden
culture."

Irish is expected to survive at least through this century, but half of the
world's almost 7,000 remaining languages may disappear by 2100, experts say.

A language is considered extinct when the last person who learned it as his
or her primary tongue dies. Last month, the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) launched an online atlas of
endangered languages, labeling more than 2,400 at risk of extinction.

Hot spots where languages are most endangered include Siberia, northern
Australia, the North American Pacific Northwest, and parts of the Andes and
Amazon, according to the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages,
a nonprofit partnering with National Geographic to record and promote
disappearing tongues.

Language extinction has been a phenomenon for at least 10,000 years, since
the dawn of agriculture.

"In the pre-agricultural state, the norm was to have lots and lots of little
languages," said Gregory D.S. Anderson, director of the Living Tongues
Institute. "As humans developed with agriculture, larger population groups
were able to aggregate together, and you got larger languages developing."

Languages typically die when speakers of a small language group come in
contact with a more dominant population. That happened first when
hunter-gatherers transitioned to agriculture, then during periods of
European colonial expansion, and more recently with global migration and
urbanization. The spread of English, Spanish and Russian wiped out many
small languages.

"As long as people feel embarrassed, restrained or openly criticized for
using a particular language, it's only natural for them to want to avoid
continuing to do what's causing a negative response, whether it's something
overt like having your mouth washed out or more subtle like discrimination,"
Anderson said.

Russian-language-only policies have virtually extinguished many Siberian
languages, including Tofa, which lets speakers use a single word to say "a
two-year-old male, un-castrated, ridable reindeer."

In the United States and Australia in past decades, the government forced
native peoples to abandon their languages through vehicles such as boarding
schools that punished youth for speaking a traditional tongue. Many Native
American and aboriginal Australian languages never recovered. The United
States has lost 115 languages in the past 500 years, by UNESCO's count, 53
of them since the 1950s. Last year, the Alaskan language Eyak disappeared
with the death of the last speaker.

Indigenous groups also may abandon localized tongues for a dominant
indigenous alternative, such as Quechua in South America. Or they might
shift to a pidgin, or hybrid, of various local languages.

Extinct languages can be revived, especially when they have been recorded.

"But when you skip a generation, it's hard to pick a language back up
again," said Douglas Whalen, president of the Endangered Language Fund,
which gives grants to language-preservation projects. "You need a community
that is really committed and will bring children up from birth in the second
language, even if they themselves are not the most fluent speakers."

Michael Blake, an associate professor of philosophy and public policy at the
University of Washington, said languages have always changed and disappeared
over time, and he argues against the idea that all languages should be
preserved.

"When we have indigenous languages in danger because of what we've done to
these communities, that's the real reason" behind preservation pushes, he
said. "But it's a much more complicated argument. It doesn't mean every
language now has the right to be immortal."

Preservation proponents say there are cultural and pragmatic reasons to save
dying languages. Many indigenous communities have in their native tongues
vast repositories of knowledge about medicinal herbs, information that could
provide clues to modern cures. The Kallawaya people in South America have
passed on a secret language from father to son for more than 400 years,
including the names and uses of medicinal plants. It is now spoken by fewer
than 100 people. Preserving languages is also key to the field of
linguistics, which could offer a window into the workings of the brain.

The Living Tongues Institute recruits youth who are not fluent in their
traditional tongue to become "language activists," using digital equipment
to document their elders' voices and learn the language themselves. This
creates a record and builds pride in the language.

Such pride has been key to a modest popular resurgence of the Irish
language. Paddy Homan, an Irish musician and social worker who immigrated to
Chicago two years ago, thinks the 1990s' "Celtic Tiger" economic boom was a
major boost for Irish.

"It used to feel like a sin to speak the Irish language; the English made us
feel bad about ourselves, like we were just a nation of alcoholics," said
Homan, 34. "Now we feel proud, and speaking Irish is the fashionable thing
to do."
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