Imprensa: Ancient Amazon civilisation laid bare by felled forest

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Matéria da revista New Scientist
http://tr.im/schaan

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Ancient Amazon civilisation laid bare by felled forest
09 December 2009 by Linda Geddes


Signs of what could be a previously unknown ancient civilisation are
emerging from beneath the felled trees of the Amazon. Some 260 giant
avenues, ditches and enclosures have been spotted from the air in a
region straddling Brazil's border with Bolivia.

The traditional view is that before the arrival of the Spanish and
Portuguese in the 15th century there were no complex societies in the
Amazon basin – in contrast to the Andes further west where the Incas
built their cities. Now deforestation, increased air travel and
satellite imagery are telling a different story.

"It's never-ending," says Denise Schaan of the Federal University of
Pará in Belém, Brazil, who made many of the new discoveries from
planes or by examining Google Earth images. "Every week we find new
structures." Some of them are square or rectangular, while others form
concentric circles or complex geometric figures such as hexagons and
octagons connected by avenues or roads. The researchers describe them
all as geoglyphs.

Garden villages

Their discovery, in an area of northern Bolivia and western Brazil,
follows other recent reports of vast sprawls of interconnected
villages known as "garden cities" in north central Brazil, dating from
around AD 1400. But the structures unearthed at the garden city sites
are not as consistently similar or geometric as the geoglyphs, Schaan
says.

"I firmly believe that the garden cities of Xingu and the geoglyphs
were not directly related," says Martti Pärssinen of the Finnish
Cultural and Academic Institutes in Madrid, Spain, who works with
Schaan. "Nevertheless, both discoveries demonstrate that [upland]
areas of western Amazonia were heavily populated much before the
European incursion."

The geoglyphs are formed by ditches up to 11 metres wide and 1 to 2
metres deep. They range from 90 to 300 metres in diameter and are
thought to date from around 2000 years ago up to the 13th century.

Human habitation

Excavations have unearthed ceramics, grinding stones and other signs
of human habitation at some of the sites but not at others. This
suggests that some had purely ceremonial roles, while others may also
have been used for defence.

Unusually for defensive structures, however, earth was piled up
outside the ditches, and they are also highly symmetrical. "When you
think about defence you're just building a wall or a trench," says
Schaan. "You don't have to do calculations to make it so round or
square." Many of the structures are oriented to the north, and the
team is investigating whether they might have had astronomical
significance.

"Many of the great early civilisations had a riverine basis and the
Amazon has long been underestimated and overlooked in that sense,"
says Colin McEwan, head of the Americas section at the British Museum
in London.

Successful societies

Though there is no evidence that the Amazonians built pyramids or
invented written language as societies in ancient Egypt or Mesopotamia
did, "in terms of a trend towards increasing social complexity and
domestication of the landscape, this wasn't just a pristine forest
with isolated nomadic tribes", McEwan adds. "These were substantive,
sedentary and in the long term very successful cultures."

While some Inca sites lie just 200 kilometres west of the geoglyphs,
no Inca objects have been found at the new sites. Neither do they seem
to have anything in common with Peru's Nasca geoglyphs.

"I have no doubt that this is only scratching the surface," says Alex
Chepstow-Lusty of the French Institute for Andean Studies in Lima,
Peru. "The scale of pre-Columbian societies in Amazonia is only slowly
coming to light and we are going to be amazed at the numbers of people
who lived there, but also in a highly sustainable fashion. Sadly, the
economic development and forest clearance that is revealing these
pre-Columbian settlement patterns is also the threat to having enough
time to properly understand them."

Journal reference: Antiquity, vol 83, p 1084


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