[gothic-l] Re: háils-2 - Hornung
llama_nom
penterakt at FSMAIL.NET
Thu Jul 22 14:34:56 UTC 2004
Hails Manie,
Thanks for those etymologies: very interesting. Are there any other
words connected with the Duden interpretation of "going short"?
Here is what I think the other extract means - let me know if I've
made any mistakes:
"horn" in the sense of "corner", here: conceived in the corner as
opposed to the marriage bed, the bastard, refering to the fact that
Hornung/February as the shortest month "dances out of line" (is the
odd one out?). According to another interpretation, "horn" refers to
the horns or antlers of deer (does & stags), which they shed in
spring.
Llama Nom
--- In gothic-l at yahoogroups.com, "Manie Lombard" <manielombard at c...>
wrote:
> Háils again, dear Llama Nom (Dirk?)
>
>
> http://ahnensitte.net/zeit4.htm
>
> "horn" im Sinne von "Winkel", hier: der im Winkel statt im Ehebett
Gezeugte,
> der Bastard, was darauf verweist, daß der Hornung als kürzester
Monat "aus
> der Reihe tanzt". Nach anderer Deutung verweist Horn auf das Gehörn
bzw.
> Geweih der Rehe und Hirsche, das diese im Frühjahr abwerfen.
>
> According to this otherwise quite dubious site the above
explanation is from
> the Kluge dictionary. Please inform me, if you want to have the
above
> sentences translated (although my english is not very good :))) )
>
> regards
> Manie
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "llama_nom" <penterakt at f...>
> To: <gothic-l at yahoogroups.com>
> Sent: Tuesday, July 20, 2004 4:37 PM
> Subject: [gothic-l] Re: háils
>
>
>
>
> Hails Manie,
>
> For the sake of completeness, as a Gothic name for Monday I've toyed
> with the variants: *Daiwtairadags, *Diutadags (after Greek, the
> second more assimilated to Gothic sounds), or *Meninsdags (after
> other Germanic languages), or some innocent calque like: Anthardags.
> No evidence for any of them, I'm afraid, as far as I know. And I'm
> not familiar with the history of the Greek names, so I don't know
> whether hee deutéra, the modern name, was in use at this time.
> And for Wednesday, maybe: Midjawiko. In support of this is the
> German substitution of Mittwoch for Wotanstag, and the Slavonic use
> of words meaning "centre" for this middle day. But this is just a
> guess.
>
> Now the months: Here goes...
>
> If you look towards the end of this message, you'll find I've made
up
> some Gothic month names based on the Old English ones. But bear in
> mind these are rather arbitrary! Looking at the various Germanic
> calendars here, there's obviously quite a bit of variety, from the
> lunar/solar English system, to the solar Julian-style Norse and
> German (& Gothic) calendars, each with their own sets of names.
Even
> where they do have names in common, these often apply to different
> months, as is the case with Gothic Fruma Jiuleis (November) : OE
Ærra =
>
> Geola (December) - or English Hrethmonath, which is approximately
> March, but the German Redimonet, quoted by Grimm, was applied
> variously to March or February.
>
> That said, some names are quite widespread. On the basis of Old
> English and Old High German cognates, I think it's not so far
fetched
> to imagine there could once have been a Gothic *Austramenoths
> (although against this is the fact that no trace of the goddess
> Eastre/Ôstara, or her feast, survive in North Germanic; cf. ON
> páskir "easter", though there is in Norse mythology a male
Austri;
> and a related goddess name elsewhere in Indo-European: Skr. Ushas,
> Lat. Aurora, Lith. Auszrinne). It is also quite possible, if
> unprovable, that there was a Gothic *Hailagamenoths, as well as
Fruma
> Jiuleis and * Anthar/Aftuma Jiuleis.
>
> The individual elements of OE Winterfylleth appear in Gothic
> separately as wintrus & fullithe (gen.pl.), so perhaps there was a
> month *Wintrufulliths. The elements of OHG Aranmanoth, Hewinmanoth,
> Windumanoth & Winnemanoth all have attested Gothic equivalents, so
we
> could reconstruct: *Asanamenoth, *Haujamenoths, *Windamenoths &
> *Winjamenoths. OHG Witumanoth might have had a Gothic equivalent
> *Widumenoths (cf. *widus in Koebler, recorded in personal names).
> It's hard to say which exact month these would have corresponded to,
> though the rough time of year is implied by the meanings.
>
> As for choosing between alternative possibilities, Bede's Anglo-
Saxon
> names have the advantage of being older, albeit slightly more remote
> in space than the German ones, although they differ from the Gothic
> calendar in being variable and lunar rather than fixed according to
> the Julian calander. Finally, I've also compiled an arbitrary list
> of "guesses" at the Gothic months, mixing and matching the different
> traditions.
>
>
> 1. LATIN MONTHS
> 2. THE ANGLO-SAXON CALENDER
> 3. THE OLD NORSE CALENDAR
> 4. DUTCH TRADITIONAL MONTH NAMES
> 5. GERMAN TRADITIONAL MONTH NAMES
> 6. RECONSTRUCTING THE GOTHIC CALENDER
>
> RE the Latin names: I think the second "o" of October is long in
> Latin, in which case it might have been transcribed into Gothic as
> Auktobair.
>
> As a suffix in personal names, and a productive suffix that could be
> attached to native Gothic words, the Latin -arius > areis in Gothic.
> Whether this would apply to the month names I don't know: it would
> probably depend on when they where adopted by the Goths.
>
> The Latin combination -tio- appears affricated in the Gothic
> borrowing kawtsjo (6th century deed), reflecting innovations in
Latin
> pronunciation, but if Martius had been borrowed earlier it would
have
> escaped this change. In favour of a non-affricated form in Gothic
> might be the German dialect variants Marte, etc. - see below.
>
>
> 1. THE ANGLO-SAXON CALENDER
>
> Here is the Old English calendar (I've given it in West Saxon
> spelling, although you might find some books & sites which quote
> earlier Northumbrian forms used by the Venerable Bede, or some
> confusing mixture of West Saxon & Northumbrian...) with approximate
> modern equivalents:
>
> Ærra Geola (later Geolmonath) - December
> Æfterra Geola - January
> Solmonath - February
> Hrethmonath - March
> Eastremonath - April
> Thrimilce, Thrimilcemonath - May
> Ærra Litha - June
> Æfterra Litha - July
> Weodmonath - August
> Haligmonath (later: Hærfestmonath) - September
> Winterfylleth - October
> Blotmonath - November
>
>
> NOTES ON ANGLO-SAXON CALENDAR
>
> Two seasons or "missere", neuter, (ON misseri): winter starts with
> Winterfylleth, named after the "winter full moon". Summer begins
> with Eastremonath. The year began on what Bede calls Modranect
(West
> Saxon *Modraneaht "mother's night" = Christmas Eve (the night of the
> 24th of December). In addition, some years would have a third
Litha,
> although Bede doesn't give the rule for calculating when these would
> be. They were called "a year of three lithas".
>
> Similarities to the mismatch between Gothic & Anglo-Saxon names for
> November/December, exist among the Slavonic month names, where
> etymologically cognate names are sometimes applied to neighbouring
> months in different modern Slavonic languages, e.g. Listopad =
> November in Czech, Polish, Ukrainian & Belorussionan, but October in
> Croat. The months were originally not rigidly fixed by convention
in
> relation to the solar cycle, but calculated as they came by
> observation of the moon. It was only the practice of intercalating
> the extra month that kept them from wandering out of synch with the
> solstices. The trick was to stop the "after" solstice months
> (Æfterrra Geola & Æfterra Litha) from creeping forward to
before =
>
> midwinter & midsummer respectively. But note that even the heathen
> English made use of one date, 24 Dec, fixed according to the Julian
> calendar.
>
> Observing Bede's Anglo-Saxon Calendar, by John Robert Stone:
> http://www.kami.demon.co.uk/gesithas/calendar/obs_bede.html
>
> The Anglo-Saxon Year by Arlea Hunt-Anschütz
> http://ipc.paganearth.com/diaryarticles/history/calendar.html
>
> According to Stone, the new month began with the first sighting of
> the crescent moon at sunset as was the practice of other lunar
> calendars, such as the Babylonian; this ties in with the idea of
> beginning days at sunset, hence Tue's Day becomes Woden's Eve when
> the sun goes down.
>
> Grimm, on the other hand, quotes Tacitus's mention of "a nox illunis
> (night without a moon) chosen for a festival", and considers that
> this dark night (Latin: interlunium; ON nidamyrkr; MnSw
> nedmörk 'pitch black') would have been counted as the first of
> the "New Moon", just as the full moon was regarded as the first
night
> of the waning half of the month (He cites OHG bruch 'breaking [off]'
> as an alternate name for the full moon). That the interlunium was
> not considered separate from the cycle of waxing and waning is
> confirmed by the Old Gutnish formula ny ok nidar "at all times".
> Grimm adds that the reckoning of time went by nights because of the
> importance of lunar observation for the calendar, and Jordanes
refers
> to observations of the moon (Chapter 11), as well as testifying to
> the sophistication of Gothic astronomy - see below.
>
>
> 2. THE OLD NORSE CALENDAR
>
> Thorri - name of a frost giant or popular deity (mid January to mid
> February)
> Gói (originally indeclinable feminine, but later became
Góa) -
> another giant: the daugher of Thorri
> Einmánudr - One/single month
> Gaukmánudr, Sádtíd, Harpa - Cuckoo month, Seed
tide, ?
> Eggtíd, Skerpla - Egg tide, ?
> Sólmánudr, selmánudr, Stekktíd - Sun month,
Shieling mo=
> nth, Lamb-fold
> time
> *Auknætr (four days) - Addition nights
> Midsumar, Heyannir, Ormamánudr - Midsummer, Hey time, Snake
month
> Tvímánudr, Heyaanir - Double month, Hey reaping
> Haustmánudr, Kornskurdarmánudr - Harvest month, Corn-
cutting mont=
> h
> Gormmánudr - Slaughter month
> Frermánudr, Ylir - Frost month, Yule (mid November to mid
December)
> Hrútmánudr, Jólmánudr, Mörsugr - Ram
month, Yule, =
> Fat sucker
>
> *Sumarauki "summer addition" was added to Auknætr every five
or six
> years (it was one week long). It has been speculated that the name
> Tvímánudr might point to an earlier system of
intercalation in wh=
> ich
> this month was periodically doubled. It is also possible that Yule
> was originally a shorter period (cf. Norwegian Skammtid "short
time").
>
> The months could also be referred to as "first, second, etc.
(fyrsti,
> annarr) month", starting with Gaukmánudr, the first month of
summer.
>
> The West Norse Calendar, by Arild Hauge
> http://www.heithingi.com/index.php?file=./calendar.html
>
> Runic Calendars: Time Reckoning in the Viking Age
> http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/primstav.htm
>
> The name Thorri (Icelandic)
> http://www.skjal.is/index.php?item=110&show=1&mode=2&Cat=1&Sub=2
>
>
> From Cleasby & Vigfussen's Icelandic Dictionary (Watch out for the
> slightly garbled text...):
>
> ár 'year': "...divided into twelve lunar months, each of 30
days,
> with four intercalary days, thus making 364 days; as the year was
> reckoned about the middle of the 10th century (the original
> calculation probably only reckoned 360 days, and made up the
> difference by irregular intercalary months). About the year 960
> Thorstein Surt introduced the sumarauki (intercalary week), to be
> inserted every seventh year, thus bringing the year up to 365 days.
> After the introduction of Christianity (A. D. 1000) the sumarauki
was
> made to harmonize with the Julian calendar; but from A.D. 1700 with
> the Gregorian calendar..."
>
> (This last entry also comments that the Gothic JER translates not
> only Greek etos, Latin annus 'year', but also kairos &
> chronos 'time'.)
>
> Thorri, a, m. [perh. from þverra þorrinn = the month of
the wanin=
> g
> or 'ebbing' winter]:—the name of the fourth winter month, the first
> after mid-winter; of thirty days, beginning on a Friday and eliding
> on a Saturday inclusively ; in the old calendar thorri is entered as
> beginning between the yth and 10th of Jan., and the next month,
Gúe
> (q. v.), between the 8th and I5th of Feb., see H.E. i. 595 ; but in
> the new style, in Icel. Almanack, the first day of Thorri, 1873, is
> Friday, Jan. 24, and the last, Saturday, Feb. 22 ; mið-
þorri, the=
> .
> middle of the month Th., Edda 103, Grág. ii. 306, Rb. 46,
Landn. 324: =
>
> the name of this month is still the common term in Icel., the names
> of Jan. and Feb. being almost unknown in Icelandic country life;
> borra-dægriu þykja long | þegarhann blæs á
nor=
> 0;an, a ditty, cee Gói.
> For the mythical origin of this month, see Orkn. (begin.) and Fb. i.
> 21, 22. COMPDS: jporra-blot, n. the great sacrifice when Thorri
> begins (in heathen times), Fas. i. 17. jþorra-kyrrur, f. pi.
calm,
> frosty weather, said to prevail in this month. jporra-
mánuðr, m. =
> (he
> month Thorri, Fb. i. 22, Rb. 516. fjorra- þræll, m. the
thrall of=
>
> Th., i. e. the List day of Thorri, sec Almanack, /873, Feb. 22.
>
> (In Fundinn Nóregr & Hersu Nóregr byggdisk, Thorri is the
son of =
>
> Snaer "snow", in a genealogy of elemental ancestors to the Norwegian
> dynasty).
>
> GÓI, f. indecl., always so in old writers, (gee, i. e.
góe, B=
> 5;. i. 9,
> v. 1.),
> mod. góa, u, f.; the month Gói has thirty days, from the
middle o=
> f
> February to the middle of March ; for the mythical origin of this
> word vide Fb. i. 22, Edda 103, Landn. 154, 225, Rb. 48, 50, Ann.
> 1276,1340, Bs. i. 9, 0. H. 64:—in Icel. the names of the winter
> months "þorri and Góa are still very common. COMPDS :
Gói-be=
> ytlar, m.
> pi., botan. equisetum vernum hyemale, Landn. 222. Gói-
blót, n. a =
>
> sacrifice in
> the month Góa, Fb. 1. c. Gói-mánaðr, m. the
month G=
> 3;i, Landn. 256,
> Rb. 516. Gói-þræll, m. the last day of the month
Góa, s=
> ee the Icel.
> almanack.
> (Grimm, Vol 4 p. 1364, says Rask linked Gói to Finnish
koi "aurora" – =
>
> i.e. dawn.)
>
> skorpla, u, f. the second month in the summer, Edda 103; see Icel.
> Almanack, May 25, 1872.
>
> VIKA, u, f., gen. pi. vikna, pi. vikur:
> ...The ancient Scandinavians and Teutons in heathen times seem to
> have counted the year by pentads, called fimt, as has already been
> remarked s. v. fimt (p. 153), to which may be added the authority of
> the late Prof. Schlegel of Copenhagen in a notice of 1825, mentioned
> in Lex. Mythol.p. 753. The time when the Scandinavians changed their
> system is quite unknown; it would seem that in Icel. 'weeks' were
> already in use in the middle of the 10th century, could we but trust
> the record in lb. ch. 4 as authentic in its details. II. spec,
usages
> in the calendar; Helga vika, the Holy-week (i.e. after Whitsun),
> Thorn. 22, Dipl. iii. IO, D. I. i. 594; Efita-vika, the last week of
> Lent, i.e. Passion-week, Orkn. 386, D.I. i. 594; Páska-vika,
Easter-
> week; Sælu-vika, Ember-week, passim, see Icel. Almanack ; as
also
> Auka-vika or Lagningar-vika, the additional week, intercalary week,
=
> sumar-auki, see p. 604; fyrsta Sumar-vika, siôasta vika sumars,
> si›asta vika vetrar.
>
> (Vaster Gudmundsson also believed in year of 72 five-day weeks = 360
> days + a leap month every five or six years.)
>
> MÁNUDR, and mánadr, m.:
> ...The old heathen )'ear consisted of twelve months, each of thirty
> days, so that a pentad (fnnmt) added to that number made the year
> complete. For the names of the economical
> months sec Edda 103 (gor-m., frer-m., hnit-ni., ein-m., sol-in., and
> sel-m., kornskur›ar-m.) ; tví-iuána›r (q. v.), the '
double month=
> ;'
> út-mánu›ir, the last months of the winter (foorri,
Gói, Ein-=
> mi'mu›r),
> fia› er koniift frani á út-múmi›i; see also
the Icel. =
> Almanack, where
> the old months are still marked. Of the Julian Calendar we have
> Martius mána›ar, 623. 37, Rb. passim ; but that computation
never
> came into household use in Iceland, where the old calendar (of
fiorri=
> ,
> Gói, Ein-in., etc.) still prevails for all domestic
aiîairs :
> astron., tungl-m., a lunar month; so!-m., a solar month. la popular
> usage, as elsewhere, a month often means /o;/r weeks, and luilfr
> mánu›r, half a month = a for/night; halftun inána›i eptir
mitt su=
> mar,
> Nj. 4; ;'i hálfs mána›ar fresti, within half a month, a
fortnight=
> ,...
>
> It seems the Norse calendar differed from the English in being fixed
> to the sun rather than the moon. Though out of step with the Roman
> months, the Julian calendar was used in pre-Christian Scandinavia.
> Months varied not in order to accommodate the phases of the moon,
but
> so as to begin on a certain day of the week. Later they were fixed
> to begin on set dates. At one time in Norway, an alternative
> tradition made use of double months of 59 days each, thus
eliminating
> the irregularity caused by rounding off the lunar cycle of 29.5
solar
> days to 30.
>
>
> 3. DUTCH TRADITIONAL MONTH NAMES
>
> January - Lauwmaand ("chill month")
> February - Sporkel ("sprout"), Spokkelmaand, Schrikkelmaand ("the
> dread month"), Sille
> March - Lentmaant ("lengthening")
> May - Grasmaand ("grass month")
> June - Bloumaand, Bloeimaand ("blooming month")
> July - Zomermaand ("summer month")
> August - Oogstmaand ("harvest month")
> September - Herstmaand, Hefstmaand, Evenmaand ("harvest
> month, "eventide month")
> October - Wynmaand (i.e. Wijnmaand)
> November - Slagtmaand ("slaughter month")
> December - Wintermaand
>
>
> 4. GERMAN TRADITIONAL MONTH NAMES
>
> a. Old High German (9-15th century)
>
> Wintarmanoth - Winter month (January)
> Hornung - ?Snowing (Feb)
> Lenzinmanoth - Lent/lengthening month (Mar)
> Winnemanoth - Grazing month (Apr)
> Ostarmanoth - Easter month (May)
> Brachmanoth - Blooming month (Jun)
> Hewinmanoth - Hay month (Jul)
> Aranmanoth - Reaping month (Aug)
> Witumanoth - Wood month (Sep)
> Windumanoth - Wind month (Oct)
> Herbistmanoth - Harvest month (Nov)
> Heligmanoth - Holy month (Dec)
>
> These names, or at least their official codification, are attributed
> to the Emperor Charlemagne by his biographer Einhard/Eginhart, who
> says that previously some Franks had used the Roman names, while
> others native names. Given Charlemagne's respect for tradition
(e.g.
> his collection of ancient songs), it seems unlikely that he invented
> them from scratch. (Vita Caroli Magni, Chapter 29).
>
> I'm not sure the meaning of Hornung is really known. I
> found "Snowing" on one website, but I don't know the basis for that.
> I wonder though if it could be related to words like ON hyrning
> (f) "corner", hyrningr (m) "angle", OE hyrne "corner, angle", MnE
> dialect: hurn, (h)on "river bend", etc. - maybe this month was seen
> as the turning point, when the first signs were felt that winter was
> ending - or maybe the name was displaced from some true (solsticial)
> turning point.
>
>
> b. (Early) Modern German (c. 15-19th century) + dialect, including
> some nonstandard variants of the Latin names:
>
> January - Hartung, Hartmond, Schneemond, Eismond, Wolfmond, Jenner,
> Jänner (still used in Austria)
> February - Hornung, Sporkel, Narrenmond, Schmelzmond, Feber
> March - Lenzing, Lenzmonat, Frühlingsmond, Mertz, Merte, Marte,
> Retmonat, Redtimonat (cf. OE hreth-)
> April - Ostermonat, Launing, Keimmonat, Knospenmonat, Aberelle,
> Abrille
> May - Wonnemonat (="joy month"), Wonnemond, Winnemond ("grazing
> moon"), Weidemond, Marienmond, May, Maie, Maien
> June - Brachmonat, Brachmond, Brachet, Rosenmond
> July - Heumonat, Heumond, Heuert, Heuet, Bärenmonat
> August - Erntemonat, Erntemond, Ährenmonat, Sichelmond,
Ernting,
> Ouwest
> September - Herbstmonat, Herbstmond, Herbsting, Engelmonat,
> Holzmonat, Scheiding
> October - Weinmonat, Gilbhart ("yellow"), Nebelung ("foggy"),
> Dachsmond, Octember
> November - Wintermonat, Wintermond, Hartmond, Herbstmond, Nebelmond,
> Windmond
> December - Christmonat, Heilmond, Heiligmond, Julmonat, Wintermond,
> Hartmond, Schlachtmond
>
>
> For more on German months, search for these names, and see:
>
> DER GERMANISCHE MONDKALENDER II - DIE MONATE by Bjorgulf (German)
> http://www.eldaring.de/content/modules.php?
> name=News&file=article&sid=29
>
> ...for a list with references.
>
>
> 5. RECONSTRUCTING THE GOTHIC CALENDAR
>
> The following comments on Gothic astronomy appear in Jordanes
(trans.
> Thredrich Geat):
>
> Thus by teaching them ethics he restrained their barbarous customs;
> by instructing them in the science of nature, he made them live
> naturally under laws of their own, which they possess in written
form
> to this day and call bi-lageineis {"laws"}. He taught them logic
and
> made them skilled in reasoning beyond all other races; he showed
> them practical knowledge and so persuaded them to abound in good
> works. By explaining theoretical knowledge he urged them to
> contemplate the progress of the twelve constellations {of the
zodiac}
> and the courses of the planets passing through them, and the whole
of
> astronomy. He told them how the disc of the moon waxes or wanes,
and
> showed them how much the fiery globe of the sun exceeds in size our
> earthly planet. He explained with which names or designations in
the
> arching heavens the three hundred forty-six stars hurtle from their
> rising to their setting.
>
> Nam ethicam eos erudiens, barbaricos mores compescuit; physicam
> tradens, naturaliter propriis legibus vivere fecit, quas usque nunc
> conscriptas "belagines" nuncupant; logica instruens, rationis eos
> supra ceteras gentes fecit expertes; practicen ostendens, in bonis
> actibus conversari suasit; theoreticen demonstrans, signorum
> duodecim et per ea planetarum cursus omnemque astronomiam
contemplari
> edocuit, et quomodo lunaris orbis augmentum sustinet aut patitur
> detrimentum, edixit, solisque globus igneus quantum terrenum orbem
in
> mensura excedat, ostendit, aut quibus nominibus vel quibus signis in
> polo caeli vergente et revergente trecentae quadraginta et sex
> stellae ab ortu in occasum praecipites ruant, exposuit.
>
> The Goths are also described here as studying the waxing and waning
> of the moon. Could the number 346 have some relation to the number
> of days in the Gothic year, minus feast days & intercalated extras?
> (E.g. 346 + twelve nights of Yule + two nights of Easter (see below)
> = 360. And the variable remainder perhaps added at midsummer.)
>
>
> Some elements of the Old English month names are attested in Gothic,
> or hypothecized:
>
> menoths, m. - month (consonant stem)
> miluks, f. - milk (consonant stem)
> hrotheigs - glorious, triumphant
> *hroth - triumph, glory (in personal names)
> wintrus - winter (as in other early Germanic languages, a number of
> years was usually counted in "winters")
> fullithe - of full moons (this actually translates Saint Paul's
> words "of new moons", Col 2,26, but presumed a mistake for
*niujithe;
> could this imply that the Goths had a full moon festival of more
> significance than the new? Not according to Grimm, who considered
it
> a "mere oversight")
> blotan - to worship (Class VII)
> blotinassus - worship
> gudblostreis - worshipper of God
> *blostr, n. - worship, sacrifice (a-stem)
> usbloteins - worship
> bisauljan, bisaulnan - sully, be sullied (Related by vowel gradation
> to OE sol 'mud'?)
> *austr- - east (as in Ostrogoti)
>
> The gender and declension of fullith(s) is unknown. It could be a
> masculine or neuter a-stem, or a masculine or feminine consonant
stem
> (like menoths).
>
> I wonder what the declension of thrimilci (this is the early
> Northumbrian form in Bede) would have been. According to Bede this
> referred to a time of bounty in the continental homeland of the
> English, so perhaps this one was unknown to the Goths.
> Sol 'mud', with a short vowel, is neuter in OE. Bede mentions an
> offering of cakes. Did the cakes have the nature or colour of mud?
> Were they buried in the mud? Or was it just a muddy month: February
> Fill-dyke, as it is now nicknamed.
>
> OE hreth, as an abstract noun is masculine, but once a neuter es/os-
> stem, as shown by the mutation, and by the related neuter hrothor.
> The hypothetical Gothic *hroth, neuter, is from Koebler - maybe
> *hrothis existed too? The month name is reckoned to refer to a
> valkyrie-like goddess of visciousness & victory, but what declension
> might the name be: a jo-stem (Gothic *Hrothi, like *gunthi, *hildi)
> perhaps? Or an on-stem from the adjective OE hrethe, maybe Gothic
> *Hrothjo 'the fierce'. Grimm cites German forms: Retmonat
> (Strassburg, 1644, = March), Redtmonet (origin?, 1404, = month?),
> Redimonet (Appenzelle, Switzerland, date?, =February) - though none
> with the standard mutation o > ö; also an OHG female name
Hruodâ.=
>
> ON Blót 'sacrifice' is a neuter a-stem.
>
> OE geola; the earlier form Giuli, given by Bede, agrees more with
the
> Gothic JIULEIS. ON y'lir (that's meant to be a long "y") was at one
> time "the month beginning on the second day of the week falling
> within Nov 10-17). The feast of Yule itself is a neuter plural in
ON
> jól, and sometimes in OE geol, suggesting a Gothic plural
*Jiula. I
> think this is because the "yules" were the Twelve Nights over which
> celebrations continued. Similarly, according to Grimm, Easter was
> originally plural because the feast lasted two days, the (OHG)
> Ôstartagâ.
>
> OE Lîtha. The gentle month? Bede's explanation points both
to the
> mildness of the weather, but also to the verb lithan 'go, travel':
> what people did on account of the mild weather - at least one of
> these explanations must be a folk etymology... No adjective
> *lintheis appears in Gothic, but it might lie behind Romance
> borrowings from Germanic, quite possibly Gothic, such as Spanish,
> Portuguese lindo (see Koebler *lind-). Another idea is that OE
Litha
> might have been a term for the moon, but I don't know the full
> reasoning behind this argument, or the etymology. Then there's
> Gothic leithu 'strong drink, fruit wine', OE lîth, which one
hopes
> was part of the celebrations at least, if not the name... Or is the
> month name an ancient term for summer cognate with Slavonic (Czech)
> léto? OE also has a compound: lîthadl "gout".
Lith "limb" is no=
> t
> related, having a short vowel. The Oxford English Dictionary,
> however, sides with the first explanation, "gentle", citing examples
> of _lithe_ used of calm weather or a lull, also a "warm shelter".
>
> OE Eastremonath, derived by Bede from the goddess Eostre
> (Northumbrian spelling = West Saxon Eastre). Was there a Gothic
> goddess *Austro, a feast day *Austrons (grammatically plural, like
> *Jiula), and maybe a month *Austramenoths? Or did the Goths, as
> Christians, adopt Paska (originally Passover), from the Greek? (cf.
> ON páskir "easter"). Grimm mentions Basque Ostara "May", but
he says =
>
> this is "a mere accidental resemblance", apparently, and derives
from
> Basque ostoa "leaf, foliage".
>
>
> Soooo... Here's my attempt at a reconstructing the Gothic months on
> the basis of Old English.
>
> ____OE______MnE________Gothic_______
> Ærra Geola - December - *AFTUMA JIULEIS
> Æfterra Geola - January - *SULAMENOTHS
> Solmonath - February - *HROTHIMENOTHS
> Hrethmonath - March - *AUSTRAMENOTHS
> Eostremonath - April - *THRIMILUKI?
> Thrimilci - May - *FRUMA LINTHJA? leitha?
> Ærra Litha - June - *ANTHAR LINTHJA? leitha?
> Æfterra Litha - July - *WIUDAMENOTHS
> Weodmonath - August - *HAILAGAMENOTHS, or * (SA) HAILAGA MENOTHS,
> *ASANAMENOTHS
> Haligmonath (later: Hærfestmonath) - September -
*WINTRUFULLITHS
> Winterfylleth - October - *BLOTAMENOTHS
> Blotmonath - November - FRUMA JIULEIS
>
> Of course, chances are the real Gothic calendar diverged from the
> Anglo-Saxon much more than this, both in names and their
application,
> just as the Norse and German did. Maybe it shared features with the
> calendars of other Germanic peoples. Or maybe the old names were
> soon abandoned in favour of the Roman ones. Or maybe just a few
> relics survived like Fruma Jiuleis alongside the Latin names.
> Probably there were multiple variants across the wide area settled
by
> the Goths, just as there were within the other Germanic traditions.
> Probably we'll never know.
>
> Here's an alternative highly speculative calendar, being mainly a
mix
> of English and (Old High) German names, mostly using (hypothetical)
> cognates although Friusa- is a calque on Lauwmaand, Eismond, etc.):
>
> January - *FRIUSAMENOTHS, *EISAMENOTHS, *HARDUMENOTHS, *HARDIGGS
> February - *HAURNIGGS, *SULAMENOTHS
> March - *LAGGATEINS, *HROTHIMENOTHS
> April - *AUSTRAMENOTHS (or *Paskamenoths)
> May - *WINJAMENOTHS
> June - FRUMA *LINTHJA, *GRASAMENOTHS
> July - AFTUMA *LINTHJA, *HAUJAMENOTHS
> August - *ASANAMENOTHS
> September - *HAILAGAMENOTHS, *WIDUMENOTHS, *AKRANAMENOTHS
> October - *WINTRUFULLITHS
> November - FRUMA JIULEIS
> December - * AFTUMA JIULEIS
>
> I wonder if there is any other evidence lurking out there... I
guess
> it might be possible to narrow down when the hay harvest and the
corn
> harvest would have been in various Gothic territories.
>
> Llama Nom
>
> __________________________________________
> Bede, the Venerable, "De temporum ratione" (On the Reckoning of the
> Seasons), Chapter 15
> Grimm, J, (trans. Stallybras, J), "Teutonic Mythology", (trans.)
1883
> (for the moon & time, see Vol 2, 708-715; for Eastre & Hreth, see
Vol
> 1, 288-291)
> Herbert, K, "Looking For the Lost Gods of England", Anglo-Saxon
> Books, 1994
> Stone JR, "Observing Bede's Anglo-Saxon Calendar", Tha Engliscan
> Gesithas Members Handbook, 1998
>
>
>
> --- In gothic-l at yahoogroups.com, "Manie Lombard" <manielombard at c...>
> wrote:
> > Háils Llama Nom
> >
> >
> >
> > Thank you very much for your reply!!! Has anybody already tried to
> reconstruct the Gothic names according to the Old English names?
> >
> >
> >
> > My attempt (according to the Latin forms):
> >
> >
> >
> > January: *januarius (or *ianuarius?)
> >
> > February: *faíbruarius
> >
> > March: *martius
> >
> > April: *aprilis
> >
> > May: *maius
> >
> > June: *junius (*iunius?)
> >
> > July: *julius (*iulius?)
> >
> > August: *awgustus
> >
> > September: *saíptaímbaír
> >
> > October: *aúktaúbaír
> >
> > November: naúbaímbaír
> >
> > December: *daíkaímbaír
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > The days of the week according to your information and the list of
> Gerhard Köbler:
> >
> >
> >
> > Monday: ?
> >
> > Tuesday: *areinsdags, *arjausdags
> >
> > Wednesday: ?
> >
> > Thursday: *pintadags, *paíntedags, paraskaíwe
> >
> > Friday: *pareinsdags
> >
> > Saturday: sabbato
> >
> > Sunday: *fráujinsdags
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > So for Monday and Wednesday we don't have any knowledge so far?
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > Regards
> >
> > Manie
> >
> >
> >
> > ----- Original Message -----
> > From: llama_nom
> > To: gothic-l at yahoogroups.com
> > Sent: Thursday, July 08, 2004 6:47 AM
> > Subject: [gothic-l] Re: háils
> >
> >
> >
> > Hails Manie!
> >
> > I believe the Fagino Maria (Hail Mary) you quote is a modern
> > reconstruction, based on Luk:1:28 "jah galeithands inn sa
aggilus
> du
> > izai qath: fagino, anstai audahafta, frauja mith thus; thiuthido
> thu
> > in qinom." And I would guess that the lack of dots above the
> capital
> > I of Iesus is just a product of the computer font used to
> transcribe
> > the Gothic letters. That is to say, perhaps the upper case
> > equivalent of ï wasn't available in this particular font, or
else
> was
> > felt unnecessary for the sake of clarity since a capital letter
> will
> > always be found at the start of a word anyway.
> >
> > The Gothic calender gives in addition to Naubaimbair, the
> > synonymous "fruma jiuleis" (the first Jiuleis), this being the
> native
> > Germanic name. Judging by the Old English calendar, we can
guess
> > that the following month would have been "sa anthar jiuleis".
> More
> > speculatively, one could reconstruct Gothic forms for the other
> > months according to the Old English names...
> >
> > Regarding the days of the week, the Bible contains Sabbato
> (Saturday,
> > that is The Sabbath). Also in the Bible, are "fruma sabbato"
> which
> > is used at Mk 15,42 for "Sabbath eve" = "the day before the
> Sabbath",
> > but at Mk 16,9 it signifies "the day after the Sabbath".
> >
> > Intriguingly, there exist in some southern German speaking
> regions
> > alternate names for some weekdays, which seem to show the
> influence
> > of the Greek day names. It is possible that these were taken
> into
> > German through Gothic. Here is a list of the reconstructed
> Gothic
> > forms mentioned in Gerhard Koebler's "Gotisches Woerterbuch":
> >
> > *areinsdags - Tuesday
> > *pintadags - Thursday
> > *pareinsdags - Friday
> >
> > I have read that there is a Swiss name for Sunday: Frontag.
This
> > one's not mentioned in Koebler's dictionary. I wonder if it
> could
> > have been inspired by a Gothic *fraujinsdags? (Greek: hee
> kuriakee).
> >
> > Llama Nom
> >
> >
> > --- In gothic-l at yahoogroups.com, "Manie Lombard"
> <manielombard at c...>
> > wrote:
> > > Hails!
> > >
> > > My name is Manie Lombard. I'm 41, married, have two children
> and
> > live in Viena, Austria. I'm generally interested in languages.
> The
> > reason why I joined this group is, because I've got some
> questions.
> > >
> > > Are the gothic names of the week days known, and if yes, what
> are
> > they called? Are the names of the months known,
> besides "Naubaimbair"
> > in your "Kalender.int.txt"?
> > >
> > > In gothic, you have two "i"s.
> > > In J. Wright's grammar it says: "The Gothic character ï was
> used at
> > the begining of a word and medially after a vowel not belonging
> to
> > the same syllable" Now I find in the Gothic "Hail Mary":
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Fagino Maria,
> > > anstai audahafta,
> > > frauja miþ þus;
> > > þiuþido þu ïn qinom,
> > > þiuþido akran
> > > qeiþaus þeinis, Iesus.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Is the "I" of Iesus intentionally an I without two dots? And
if
> so,
> > why?
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Regards
> > >
> > > Manie
> > >
> > >
> > > [Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
> >
> >
> >
> > You are a member of the Gothic-L list. To unsubscribe, send a
> blank email to <gothic-l-unsubscribe at egroups.com>.
> >
> >
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