Reconstructing Gothic

Fri May 30 07:25:11 UTC 2014

Khazaira converted to Judaism beginning the 800s and became the worlds largest Jewish state. The population was Turkish, Slavic and Gothic (Krim).
If you mix these languages you obtain Jiddish. All the eastern Jews in Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Lituania originate from Khazaria.

source  http://www.b4press.com/index.php/historia/hela-kategorin/221-gotland-the-pearl-of-the-baltic-sea.html
Khazaria and Volga Bulgaria

The Khazars, a semi-nomadic Turkish people closely related to the Bulgarians, established one of the largest polities of medieval Eurasia, with Atil as the capital (note 29). Their territory was comprising much of modern-day European Russia, western Kazakhstan, eastern Ukraine, Azerbaijan, large portions of the northern Caucasus (Circassia, Dagestan), parts of Georgia, the Crimea, and northeastern Turkey. They played a role in the balance of powers and destiny of the world civilization. After Kubrat’s Great Bulgaria was destroyed by the Khazars in the 600s, some of the Bulgars fled to the west and founded a new Bulgar state (presentday Bulgaria) near the Danubian Plain, under the command of Khan Asparukh. The rest of the Bulgars fled to the north of the Volga River region and founded at the big bend in the Volga in Russia’s heart, where the river Kama flows into the Volga, the Volga Bulgaria kingdom with its capital Bolghar. The Volga Bulgaria’s heyday occurred in the 900s. At that time they ad- opted Muhammad’s teachings.

The area south of the kingdom of the Volga Bulgars, between the Caspian and Black Seas, accordingly belonged to the Khazars. Khazaria had an ongoing entente with Byzantium. The Khazars aided the Byzantine emperor Heraclius (reigned 610–641) by sending an army of 40,000 soldiers in his campaign against the Persians in the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628. They also served their partner in wars against the Abbasid Caliphate.

Sarkel (a Turkish word meaning White Fortress) was built in the 830s by a joint team of Greek and Khazar architects to protect the north-western border of the Khazar state. The chief engineer during the construction of Sarkel was Petronas Kamateros who later became the governor of Cherson.

Khazaria was the first feudal state to be established in Eastern Europe. According to ibn Khordadhbeh the Khazarian Jewish merchants (Radhanites) were responsible for the commerce between southwestern Asia and northern Europe, as well as the connection to the Silk Road. The name ‘Khazar’ is found in numerous languages and seems to be tied to a Turkish verb form meaning ‘wandering’ (Modern Turkish: Gezer). Pax Khazarica is a term used by historians to refer to the period during which Khazaria dominated the Pontic steppe and the Caucasus Mountains.

The Gotlandic Varangians made regular commercial trips to the Khazar capital Atil at the lower Volga and the city of Bolghar in the country of the Volga Bulgars in the region of Kamas’ inflow in the Volga river.
After fighting the Arabs to a standstill in the North Caucasus, Khazars became increasingly interested in replacing their Tengriism with a state religion that would give them equal religious standing with their Abrahamic neighbors. During the 800s, the Khazar royalty and much of the aristocracy converted to a form of Judaism. Yitzhak ha-Sangari is the name of the rabbi who converted the Khazars to Judaism according to Jewish sources.

Khazars were judged according to Tōra (orders of the Khagan; coming from the root Tōr meaning customs; unwritten law of people in Old Turkic) (Modern Turkish: Töre), while the other tribes were judged according to their own laws.
Being a surprisingly tolerant and pluralistic society, even its army incorporated Jews, Christians, Muslims and Pagans at a time when religious warfare was the order of the day around the Mediterranean and in Western Europe. By welcoming educated and worldly Jews from both Christian Europe and the Islamic Middle East, Khazaria rapidly absorbed many of the arts and technologies of civilization.

As a direct result of this cultural infusion, they be- came one of the very few Asian steppe tribal societies that successfully made the transition from nomad to urbanite. Settling in their newly created towns and cities between the Caspian Sea and the Crimean Peninsula on the Black Sea, they became literate and multilingual agriculturalists, manufacturers and international traders.

The Islamic Bulgars in the Volga river bend and Khazaria were the two main cross points for the Arab traderoutes. The main imported goods traded in these markets were furs, slaves and weapons. According to ibn Rustah and ibn Haukal, al-Rus’ delivered the first two mentioned in Khazaria and Volga Bulgaria. Ibn Rustah and Gurdesi explain that the Varangians refused to accept anything else but jingling silver coins for their goods.
Between 965 and 969, Khazar sovereignty was broken by the Kievan Rus’. Sviatoslav I of Kiev defeated them in 965 by conquering the Khazar fortress of Sarkel. Two years later, Sviatoslav conquered Atil.

Fig 88. The unique coin from the Spillings Hoard with the inscription ‘Moses is the prophet of God’ dated to 837-838. Photo: Kenneth Jonsson

On 29 May 2014, at 23:16, Marja Erwin marja-e at riseup.net [gothic-l] <gothic-l at yahoogroups.com> wrote:

> 
> Common Slavic was probably in contact with East Germanic, so any Slavic language would probably have borrowings from East Germanic.
> 
> However, it’s important to be able to separate borrowings from East Germanic, which are quite likely to be present in any given dialect of Gothic, from borrowings from the rest of Germanic.
> 
> Possible criteria:
> 
> - Literary claims that certain words were Gothic words.
> 
> - Distinctly East Germanic forms.
> 
> - Isolation from North and West Germanic. So early South Romance and South Slavic might have stronger contacts with East Germanic than with North or West Germanic, and Ossetian might have contact with East Germanic but isolation from North and West Germanic. I don’t speak Ossetian, alas. I don’t know where to place Romanian because it has had strong contact with West Germanic as well as, presumably, East Germanic. (What about Aromanian?) This would be stronger either with strong isolation, or with presence in multiple languages with closer contacts with East Germanic than North or West Germanic.
> 
> On May 29, 2014, at 3:10 PM, Weidemyr Basti setiez at yahoo.com [gothic-l] <gothic-l at yahoogroups.com> wrote:
> 
>> Thanks Marja!
>> 
>> I gave only a few examples for each language zone, but completely forgot the Romance languages. 
>> 
>> @all
>> Filling out the holes I found a whole lot of languages that looks like they could have traces of Gothic in them. How about Old Novgorod, Dalmatian, Polabian, Bulgarian and Samalian? Has anybody investigated their Gothic connections? I would like to reach some sort of overview of the resources that are available to us and appreciate hints about obscure languages with possible Gothic connections. :)
>> 
>> Best regards
>> Basti
> 
> 
> 

-------------- next part --------------
An HTML attachment was scrubbed...
URL: <http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/gothic-l/attachments/20140530/b5cc51c3/attachment.htm>