Electronic resource: Online database of dying languages

[Scott McGinnis]

>>From Chronicle of Higher Education Sept. 25/01

Linguists Collect Unpublished Information on Dying Languages for an Online
Database
By BROCK READ <mailto:brock.read at chronicle.com>
Five or six languages die every year, experts say. Within two centuries,
40 percent of the world's extant languages may be gone. These are sobering
numbers for a linguist like Anthony Aristar, a professor at Wayne State
University. "It really is a desperate situation now," he says. "If you
lose your language, you've lost your culture."

Mr. Aristar heads E-MELD, the Electronic Metastructure for Endangered
Languages Data, a project that aims to combat the growing problem of
language loss. A $2-million grant awarded in July by the National Science
Foundation will allow Mr. Aristar and colleagues at Eastern Michigan
University, the University of Arizona, and the University of Pennsylvania
to construct an online database bringing together information and
resources that various scholars have gathered about endangered and dying
languages.

The database will appear in its initial version this fall on the Linguist
List, <http://www.linguistlist.org> a Web site of language tools that Mr.
Aristar runs with his wife, Helen Aristar-Dry, a professor of linguistics
at Eastern Michigan University and one of E-MELD's chief researchers. Ms.
Aristar-Dry likens the project to "a giant card catalog" holding
information not just about the languages themselves, but also about
software that can support them.

Much of the groundwork for the project involves collation, organization,
and standard-setting. "There's a lot of data which has been collected" by
field linguists, according to Mr. Aristar, but a fair portion has not seen
the light of day since the initial research was completed.
"In the past, a field worker could spend years and years researching an
endangered language, produce one article of analysis, and the rest of his
data would go unmined," Ms. Aristar-Dry says. "There's documentation on
these languages, but on yellowing notebooks and in shoe boxes in the back
of closets." The challenge facing the project team is to take these raw
materials and digitize them as coherently as possible.

To do so, Mr. Aristar and Ms. Aristar-Dry have been working with field
linguists to create a set of standards for language digitization. Many
archives for endangered languages exist already, but most of them use
their own software and standards for marking up and storing data.
"An enormous effort could go into digitizing the languages," says Ms.
Aristar-Dry, "but the usefulness to scholars could be reduced" if
individual archives lack what she calls "interintelligibility." She hopes
that by uniting language research under a set of open standards, "we'll be
adding longer life to the data."

Both professors also hope that the E-MELD Web site will become a gathering
place of sorts for students of endangered languages. One piece of the
project is an online "showroom" in which project researchers use their
ideal standards to mark up data from 10 languages -- including Biao Min, a
language spoken by about 21,000 people in southern China, and Cambap,
which has only 30 remaining speakers in Nigeria and Cameroon.

The showrooms will include sound files of native speakers demonstrating
their languages, as well as grammatical and lexical information. Query
rooms will allow researchers and native speakers to interact.
Interaction is an essential part of the project, because there's no
reversing the trend of disappearing languages, according to Mr. Aristar.
The reasons for this are "intensely practical," he says. "People want
better lives for themselves and their children. One way to acquire better
lives is to get educated. People choose to acquire education through a
dominant culture," and they adopt its language.

Researchers and students benefit from the preservation of languages,
though, and not always for strictly academic reasons. "It's a big thrill,"
Ms. Aristar-Dry says, "to push a button and see 69 varieties of Quechua."