Voices lost in translation (fwd)

[phil cash cash]

Mar. 6, 2004. 01:00 AM
http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1078528209154&call_pageid=968332188492&col=968793972154

Voices lost in translation

Linguistics scholar explores how, in this age of globalization, dying
languages still shape our world Relationship between words

OLIVIA WARD
FEATURE WRITER

The couple next to you in the cafe are speaking a strange language: you
feel resentment at being shut out, suspicion about what they're
discussing, envy that you don't have the skills to understand the
conversation.

What you're experiencing is the age-old tension between majority and
minority language speakers, hostility that has often escalated to
bloodshed and led to the death of languages as well as people.

"Language is power," says Robert Nichols. "It can serve as a bridge for
communication, or a barrier to keep others out. It isn't just a
cultural issue, but a political one."

Nichols, 24, is a post-graduate student at University of Toronto, and
winner of one of Canada's most prestigious academic awards, the Trudeau
Foundation's scholarship for outstanding doctoral candidates in social
sciences and the humanities.

He is focusing on language diversity and its meaning in an age of
globalization where English dominates, and most of the world's 6,000
languages are expected to die out by the end of the next century.

"Some liberal mainstream theorists tend to see language in terms of
cultural claims," Nichols says. "Others see minority languages as a
hindrance to social mobility. What I'm looking at is a different aspect
— the fact that if language is little known, it's also little
understood by the central authority. That makes it a valuable political
tool."

Born in the small Alberta community of Pigeon Lake, Nichols grew up
within earshot of a minority language that is now all but extinct.

"Sarcee is now spoken by only about a dozen native people," he says.
``Young people who want to reclaim pride in being aboriginal are now
learning Cree. It's strange, because traditionally the Cree and Sarcee
were enemies. But Cree has become a middle ground for many aboriginal
people whose own languages have disappeared."

However, while many linguistics experts see minority languages as
chronically disadvantaged, Nichols takes a different view.

"They're a way of reinforcing the identity of the people who speak those
languages," he says. "It gives them a space away from the ruling power,
a place to develop their own identity."

Colonial powers understood that very well, and feared that retaining
native languages could foster resistence to their authority. So,
Nichols says, most tried to eradicate the languages of countries they
invaded.

"When the Spanish came to the Americas they read a set of rules to the
people there, telling them their obligations to Spain, such as paying
taxes. Of course the rules were in Spanish and the people didn't
understand. So they didn't follow the rules, and that became the
pretext for an attack by the Spanish."

Even the names of people in conquered villages were changed to Spanish
names in order to erase all previous language identity. Those who
resisted were punished.

Similar "language colonialism" occurred in the Baltics, Central Asia and
the Caucasus, when Russia took over the region in imperial and Soviet
times. And in North America and Australia, aboriginal people were
subjected to devastating campaigns to force them into the
English-speaking majority.

In the past century, many minorities have fought for their language and
failed. But there have been resounding successes.

"I took my master's degree in Wales, in Aberystwyth," says Nichols.
"There you could hear Welsh spoken on the street. When that happens, it
reinforces a sense of identity. "

The preservation of language has as much to do with the determination to
promote it, and the resources available, as it does the number of
people who can still speak it, Nichols points out. Language survival
may also depend on geography.

"A community of 500 that's isolated might be able to maintain its
language much more easily than one of 50,000 that's dispersed," he
says.

Aggressive promotion of language, sometimes coupled with political
rebellion, has ensured the survival of some traditional tongues.

Basque is an official language in Spain's Basque province after a long
campaign by militant separatists.

Hebrew, Israel's official language, was revitalized in the 19th century,
and later rescued from obscurity by Jews who fought for the new state
after World War II. It is now spoken by people around the world.

Central Asian languages such as Kazakh, Uzbek and Tajik have been
restored as official languages after the demise of the Soviet Union.
Ukraine has renamed its cities to remove Russian titles, as well as
replacing Russian with Ukrainian as the first language. In the Baltic
States, Russian-speakers are now required to learn Latvian, Lithuanian
or Estonian.

Promoting languages that have fallen into decline is easiest when the
state is fully behind them. But it's most problematical when the people
who speak them have little political power.

That's when the legacy of colonialism surfaces most visibly, Nichols
says.

"You can see examples in Canada," he says. "The argument against
preserving aboriginal languages is that if you educate small children
in a minority language they won't be full members of the larger
society. It's ironic in a colonial society, because if you subscribe to
that, then colonialism becomes a self-justifying thing."

Today, one of the central dilemmas for native speakers is mobility.

"A whole younger generation on my reserve have no fluency in Cree," says
Floyd Favel, a Saskatchewan playwright and theatre director who
integrates his native Cree in his work to critical acclaim. "They're
into English. It's only in the more isolated parts of the province that
people practice the language and lifestyle."

As young people gravitate to cities for jobs and studies, he says, they
lose interest more and more. Eventually their own language becomes
obsolete.

"Cree is in a very threatened situation. Until we realize the danger
fully, things won't get much better. There is a counter-movement, to
preserve it as a living language, but right now it's just raindrops in
the ocean."

Canada is only one country in which languages are vanishing. Since the
early 1990s, alarm has spread in the scientific community about the
international demise of minority languages. Large-scale documentation
projects have sprung up in Europe and North America to record and
analyze dying tongues.

But debate rages between those who believe that little-spoken languages
are only of academic interest and those who insist they should be
actively promoted.

Should governments help to keep minority languages alive?

"I think Canada should recognize in a more robust way the rights of
indigenous peoples," says Nichols.

"But overall, language belongs to people, and the state shouldn't be the
giver or withholder of language rights. Perhaps what we should be
asking is `what's the justification for not promoting aboriginal
language?'"

And, he says, "there shouldn't be a zero-sum game between social
mobility and preserving the language. In the case of Hebrew, for
instance, nobody suggested that people shouldn't learn it because
they'd forget their European languages. The same is true of other
peoples.''

Nichols, who speaks French, Spanish and German, admits that he doesn't
speak any aboriginal languages.

But he says, "I've been interested in linguistics and politics since I
was very young. I had some contact with the aboriginal people living
near where I grew up, and so I became interested in aboriginal
politics."

Nichols has already had experienced dramatically different aspects of
diversity.

Taking an undergraduate degree at a small Alberta liberal arts college,
Augustana University, he worked as a research and development
consultant to the Metis Nation of Alberta.

After winning the University of Wales' International Politics Excellence
Scholarship in the U.K., he entered a parliamentary internship program
in Ottawa, and later organized the first internship study tour of
Iqaluit, the Nunavut capital.

Last year, a stay in Mexico, working as a teacher and living mostly in
the embattled southern Vera Cruz state, heightened his interest in
aboriginal language and politics.

"I got a concrete experience of what it's like to be in a community
where only a few hundred people can speak your language, and just down
the road, nobody understands you," he said.

For the next five years Nichols will work on his doctoral degree in
political science, tackling the difficult and often bitterly-contested
issues of language and power, as experienced by those whose mother
tongues are under threat.

His work is funded by the Trudeau scholarship, which provides $35,000 a
year for four years of study, and an additional $15,000 a year for
travel and expenses.

At the present time, linguistic specialists say 52 per cent of the
world's population speak only 20 languages, and 3,000 of the rarest
languages are spoken by less than 1 per cent.

For many, time is running out.

"Within 150 years, experts predict that only 10 per cent of the
languages spoken today will remain," Nichols says.

"That's a massive shift in the meaning of what it is to be human."