German heritage in the US, cont'd

Tue Jun 13 06:33:18 UTC 2006

For more on the WWI era data that Tom cites, see

Wiley, T. G. (1998a). The imposition of World War I Era English-Only policies and the fate of German in North America. In T. Ricento & B. Burnaby (Eds.), Language and politics in the United States and Canada (pp. 211-241). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 
Best,

Terry Wiley

________________________________

From: owner-lgpolicy-list at ccat.sas.upenn.edu on behalf of Thomas Ricento
Sent: Mon 6/12/2006 7:03 AM
To: lgpolicy-list at ccat.sas.upenn.edu
Subject: RE: German heritage in the US, cont'd

On the 2000 census, respondents were asked to write in up to two ancestries that defined their background.  20 million people wrote 'American', an increase from 13 million in the 1990 census, but still only about 7 percent of the total national population.  Following the Americanization period, the percentage of people of German ancestry in states such as Wisconsin, Ohio, Michigan, Nebraska declined sharply.  In the 1910 census, over 2.3 million people claimed to have been German-born compared to less than 1.7 million in 1920.  IN Nebraska, about 14% of the population self identified as being of German origin in 1910, compared to only 4.4% in the 1920 census.  In Wisconsin, the percentages went from 29% (1910) to 6.6% (1920).  The point of this is that ethnic identification is highly influenced by historical context and economic factors, among other things.  It is interesting that only about 7% of the population sees itself in 'non-ethnic' terms;  whether that means of Engli!
 sh/Anglo-Saxon, Germanic, or Western European background is difficult to say.  In day to day life, however, these distinctions between 'German', 'English', or mixed European backgrounds are less significant than the phenotypic constructions of 'race' which continue to be pervasive and often determinative in designation of 'in group' and 'out group' mindsets based on such superficial criteria as appearance.

Tom Ricento

	-----Original Message-----
	From: owner-lgpolicy-list at ccat.sas.upenn.edu [mailto:owner-lgpolicy-list at ccat.sas.upenn.edu] On Behalf Of Anthea Fraser Gupta
	Sent: Sunday, June 11, 2006 3:35 AM
	To: lgpolicy-list at ccat.sas.upenn.edu
	Subject: RE: German heritage in the US, cont'd

	On the longer form of the 2000 census the ancestry question was free choice. There must have been a wide range of answers. I would guess that some would base it on patrilineal ancestry, others on the ancestry they saw as dominant. The answer did not look as if it could be fractional, so someone of mixed ancestry (most Americans, probably) would be most likely to choose one alternative. Despite this, 6m people chose more than one.

	In 2000 15.2% of the population described themselves as of German ancestry, and 8.7% as of English ancestry (see attached, from 2000 census website). We don't know how many of those declared multiples.

	But it's possible, isn't it, for 66% of Americans to have German ancestry and (picking a figure out of a hat, 'cos I couldn't find the 2000 results on the website) 75% to have 'British' (aggregated or not) ancestry? I describe myself as English but I have (that I know of) English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish Tinker ancestry. 

	I feel that there is a worldwide drive to make people have a single ancestral identity, and that these figures can disguise a history of mixing (coming from both consensual and non-consensual conception), just as a lot of figures on language background disguise bilingualism.

	Anthea

	*     *     *     *     * 
	Anthea Fraser Gupta (Dr) 
	School of English, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT <www.leeds.ac.uk/english/staff/afg> 
	NB: Reply to a.f.gupta at leeds.ac.uk 
	*     *     *     *     * 

________________________________

	From: owner-lgpolicy-list at ccat.sas.upenn.edu on behalf of Harold F. Schiffman
	Sent: Sat 10/06/2006 21:57
	To: Language Policy-List
	Subject: German heritage in the US, cont'd

	When I saw the recent message from Bill Beeman, stating that "More than
	60% of all Americans have some German ancestry"  I was dubious, because I
	remembered a figure of about 24% from the 1990 census. So I did some
	googling, and found this:

	**************************************************************************

	Who's Counting?
	The l990 Census of German-Americans

	The results of the 1990 U.S. Census indicate that the total U.S.
	population is: 248,709,873. The five major groups and their percentages of
	the total population are as follows:

	 1. German 57,985,595  (23.3 %)
	 2. Irish 38,739,548  (15.6 %)
	 3. English 32,655,779  (13.1 %)
	 4. Italian 14,714,939  (5.9 %)
	 5. Polish  9,366,106  (3.8 %)

	The "German" category does not include Germans from other German-speaking
	states and regions of Europe and the Americas. Hence, to the "German"
	statistic the following can be added:

	 1. Austrian 870,531
	 2. Swiss-German 700,000  (this is 70% of the total Swiss statistic)
	 3. Pennsylvania German 305,841
	 4. Luxemburger 49,061
	 5. Alsatian 16,465
	 6. German-Russian 10,153

	These six additional Germanic ethnic groups total 1,952,051.
	The total combination then of all seven German ethnic categories is:

	 German 57,985,595  (23.3 %)
	 Other categories 1,952,051  (4.8 %)
	 Total 59,937,646  (24.09 %)

	The results clearly confirm that German-Americans constitute nearly a full
	one-fourth of the population. German-Americans take pride in the fact that
	they are the major ethnic group in America, just as they can be proud of
	their long history, dating back to the arrival of the first Germans in
	America at Jamestown, Virginia in 1608.

	The 1980 Census included a map of Where in the united states
	German-Americans lived...[map not included here, hs]

	http://home.earthlink.net/~tricentennialfoundation/census.html

	updated July 26, 2004   Home to Tricentennial Foundation Web Page

	**************************************************************************
	[addendum (hs): Previously, "British" (or even English) heritage topped
	the list, but in 1980 the US census stopped aggregating British heritage,
	and divided it into English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh etc., at which point
	German then topped the list.

	Note, however, that a category "Hispanic" does not even figure in the top
	5 in 1980; and unless immigration from all Spanish-speaking countries is
	aggregated, it still may not...

	If you go to an on-line US census page
	http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-29.pdf you get some statistics
	on language use in the US, which of course is different from "heritage"
	or "ancestry":  the largest percentage of a language other than English is
	of course Spanish, with 28 million, followed by "other Indo-European
	languages".  Chinese is spoken by 2 million...

	Hal Schiffman]