American justice in a foreign language

[Harold Schiffman]

 Forwarded From: LINGANTH at listserv.linguistlist.org


>>From the LA Times.

American justice in a foreign language

http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-interpret21-2009feb21,0,4362351,full.story

L.A. is known as a mecca for court interpreters, but when a defendant
or witness speaks a rare dialect, officials may resort to unusual
remedies.

By Victoria Kim
February 21, 2009

The international phone line connecting a downtown Los Angeles
courtroom to a cellphone 1,500 miles away in Texcoco, Mexico, was
repeatedly disconnected and difficult to hear at times.

But on that line hung the constitutional rights of Candido Ortiz,
accused of drunkenly stabbing a man with a broken beer bottle and
charged with attempted murder. Ortiz, 20, spoke only a variant of
Mixe, a language used by about 7,000 people in the mountains of the
southern Mexican state of Oaxaca.

In a case that is unusual even for Los Angeles, a place that some call
the mecca of court interpreters, officials were unable to find anyone
in the United States who could translate for Ortiz. A three-month
search eventually led officials to Eduardo Diaz, a university student
in Mexico.

At Ortiz's preliminary hearing earlier this month, Diaz was
teleconferenced in from Mexico to interpret over a speakerphone. A
Spanish interpreter in court translated the proceedings from English
to Spanish, then Diaz translated the Spanish into Quetzaltepec Mixe,
also spelled Mije.



Legal guarantee

California law guarantees a defendant the right to an interpreter in
all criminal proceedings. In Los Angeles County, where more than a
third of the population is foreign-born and more than half speaks a
language other than English at home, that sometimes means court
officials are sent scrambling for speakers of Chuukese, Marshallese,
Mexican Sign Language or Q'anjob'al, a Mayan variant.

"We're proud of the fact that over 100 languages are represented among
our interpreters," said Greg Drapac, who headed the court's
interpreter assignment operation from 1997 to 2005. "Which is great,
until you realize there are over 6,000 living languages."

As the ears and mouths of non-English speakers, court interpreters
hold the key to whether criminal defendants understand the proceedings
and their rights in the justice system. Inadequate interpretation can
lead to inaccurate testimony, wrongful convictions or plea deals in
which defendants sign over their rights without realizing what the
consequences are, experts say.

In most cases, only the interpreter's English translation is entered
into the court record. Juries are often instructed to rely on the
interpreter's version, even if they understand the original language.

The demand has been growing for interpreters of indigenous languages
spoken in Latin America because of an influx of migrant laborers from
those communities. Court officials, who once automatically assigned
Spanish interpreters to everyone who looked Latino, are becoming
increasingly sensitive to the diversity and nuances that exist within
immigrant communities, Drapac said.

Indigenous migrants from Mexico, who are largely monolingual and often
speak only limited street Spanish, are used to being treated poorly in
Mexico and often don't complain when they are assigned an interpreter
who doesn't speak their language, experts said. Sometimes, they said,
a defendant's silence is mistaken as a sign of mental illness.



Unusual challenge

Ortiz was arrested in August after an incident in which he was
carrying two beer bottles and drunkenly stumbled into a room where two
men were asleep, a district attorney's spokeswoman said. According to
prosecutors, Ortiz allegedly threatened one of the men, then smashed
the bottles together and stabbed the second man.

Police officers were able to communicate with Ortiz in basic Spanish,
but a court interpreter recognized oddities in the way Ortiz spoke. He
gave very short answers, didn't answer some questions and got most of
his tenses wrong, said Spanish interpreter Eric Valdez, who translated
at this month's preliminary hearing.

When the public defender on the case asked Ortiz if he understood
Spanish, he replied, "No todo" -- not everything, Valdez recalled.

If defendants or witnesses speak a rare language, it can be a
challenge simply to figure out what it is because no one can
communicate with them.

In Ortiz's case, attorneys initially thought he would need a Zapotec
interpreter, court records indicate. A Spanish interpreter told
officials he thought Ortiz spoke Mixe, an indigenous language spoken
in eastern Oaxaca by an agrarian people who have increasingly been
migrating to northern Mexico and the United States to find work.

So began the search for an interpreter for Ortiz.

Even among the indigenous populations in Oaxaca, Mixe is spoken by few
people. And the language has four to eight variants that have grown
apart over centuries as they were passed down orally with no
standardization. Different variants of Mixe can be as different as
French is from Catalan or Romanian, said David Tavárez, a linguistic
anthropologist at Vassar College.



Wrong dialect

An interpreter flown in from San Francisco spoke Mixe alto, which is
used in the northern part of the Mixe region, and could not
communicate with Ortiz, said Michele Oken, who heads the Superior
Court's interpreter division.



An interpreter for Mixe bajo was then brought in, only to discover it
was again the wrong variant. The court eventually discovered Ortiz was
from the town of San Miguel Quetzaltepec, where Quetzaltepec Mixe --
also classified as Mixe medio del este -- is spoken. After contacting
agencies across the U.S., Oken said, her office found Diaz in November
through the National Institute of Indigenous Languages in Mexico. Diaz
could not be flown into the country because of visa problems and had
to interpret over the phone, Oken said.

Prosecutors were skeptical of whether the search for an interpreter
was necessary. In court papers, they argued that Ortiz might have been
pretending not to understand Spanish in an attempt to get his case
dismissed by delaying prosecutors.

At the end of Ortiz's three-hour preliminary hearing, a judge ordered
him to stand trial for attempted murder. Ortiz did not speak during
the hearing and gave no sign of how much he understood, said Valdez,
the Spanish interpreter.

The qualifications of interpreters used to translate rare languages
vary widely. In most cases, they are not trained in interpretation,
much less simultaneous or legal interpretation. For 13 state-certified
languages, the state administers a stringent test that 9 out of 10
people fail. But for rare languages, court officials said, they have
to resort to finding someone with the highest education level possible
-- in Ortiz's case, a student in his last semester of university.



John Haviland, an anthropology professor and an interpreter for
Tzotzil, another indigenous language spoken in Mexico, said
understanding American legal terminology and concepts and translating
them into indigenous languages is no small feat.



Judges and attorneys "can get very impatient -- they can't see why a
simple question like 'Do you waive your right to a jury?' takes three
paragraphs to translate," said Haviland, who researches indigenous
Mexican populations and linguistic access to justice at UC San Diego.

"In the case of someone from an Indian village, there is nothing
equivalent to a trial or a jury or a legal right," he said. "I usually
have to tell a little narrative about what the issues are."

Relay interpreting between more than two languages, often inevitable
for rare languages, also opens up more room for error. A publication
of the National Assn. of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators calls
the process "fraught with pitfalls and far from ideal" but "a better
solution than working directly into sadly inadequate English."

Regardless of how rare a language is, court officials say, they do
everything in their power to find the right interpreter. Drapac and
Oken said they have never had a case dismissed because an interpreter
could not be found. (Judges have dismissed cases, Drapac said, when
they decided the expense of providing an interpreter was exorbitant
given the offense.)

When given the task of finding an interpreter in a rare language,
court officials say, they start by calling other courts or their
federal counterparts. Then they turn to professional agencies,
educational institutions or religious organizations that research
languages for proselytizing.

When all else has failed, Drapac said, he has even resorted to sending
staff out to restaurants around the city -- he once found a Mongolian
speaker that way.

"You traverse those waters, and you provide the best possible person,"
Drapac said.

victoria.kim at latimes.com



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 Harold F. Schiffman

Professor Emeritus of
 Dravidian Linguistics and Culture
Dept. of South Asia Studies
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305

Phone:  (215) 898-7475
Fax:  (215) 573-2138

Email:  haroldfs at gmail.com
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/

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