[lg policy] Estonian elections, language policy and Russian threats to invade Estonian Life

Sun Mar 1 19:15:00 UTC 2015

[image: Eesti Elu]
Estonian elections, language policy and Russian threats to invade Estonian
Life
Arvamus <http://www.eesti.ca/arvamus/list5> 28 Feb 2015  Laas Leivat
<info at eesti.ca>Eesti Elu <http://www.eestielu.ca/>
     [image: Trüki]
<http://www.eesti.ca/estonian-elections-language-policy-and-russian-threats-to-invade-estonian-life/print44489>
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[image: - pics/2015/02/44489_001.jpg]
About a quarter of all people in Estonia are Russian speakers. That’s the
same proportion that exists in Ukraine. That’s why the invasion of Crimea
in 2014 reawakened memories of an era everyone had hoped was over.

While Russian speakers have always lived in Tallinn over the centuries,
many of them living in the capital today were shipped in from the USSR in
1945 after Estonian was re-occupied by the Soviets. This was seen by not
only Estonians but also observers abroad as Kremlin’s attempt to undermine
Estonia’s identity.

“Russification” became the term used to describe the state initiated
process many generations ago. Journalists, essayists, academics used it to
describe Soviet nationality policies and their effects, especially in the
field of education. The inequality between the Russian and Estonian
languages and literatures in the curriculum of the post-1945 Estonian
secondary school was ample evidence of Moscow’s attempts to implant an
alien world-view within Estonians.

With a massive influx of Russian speakers, a rapid rise of the status of
the Russian language took place. Russian became the compulsory sole
language for several functional sectors, in a network of plants, factories,
offices, institutions and service bureaus, parallel to the already
operating Estonian-medium ones, as well as entertainment facilities and
residential areas, providing full-scale education and services in Russian.
As a result a Russian-speaking environment was created in Estonia with no
contacts with Estonians and the Estonian language, blocking integration
effectively.

Estonia did have the right to end the occupation and oppression, including
linguistic oppression. Those who were ushered into Estonia during the
occupation did not expect the occupation to end suddenly. They had to cope
with obligations derived from language and citizenship. Two key issues
became intrusively apparent for which Estonians had to take a position.
They were sovereignty of the Republic and the protection of Estonian
culture and language.

It was this repressive environment that Estonians did not want to be
repeated, for Estonian speakers and as well non-Estonians. The language
legislation initiated in the early 1990’s has evolved with changes and
postponement of deadlines as to when Estonian must partially be the
language of instruction in Russian schools. The current situation could be
described as follows:

In Estonia publicly financed schools include official language schools
(Estonian) as well as non-Estonian schools. Estonia is one of the few
European countries to have this. Russian language education is available in
all – private as well as public – school systems, at all levels. Some 20%
of all students attend Russian language schools between the ages of 7 – 19.

The language of instruction for primary school is set by the municipality.
For secondary schools (grades 10-12) the language of instruction is to be
Estonian for at least 60% of studies in public schools. The other 40% can
be chosen by the school. This regulation does not apply to vocational or
adult education.

The authors of the Estonian language policy say that the transitioning to
Estonian as a language of instruction for secondary education is to
encourage all students to practise the state language in different
linguistic situations. This helps to ensure that they will have equal
opportunity in accessing higher education, participating in society and be
successful on the labour market. It’s also an important element in boosting
societal integration and therefore the cohesion of the population.

Even though the language legislation was enacted in 1993, transition
planning began only in 1997 and preparations were allowed to take place
gradually over 14 years. The transition has been the target of criticism,
the object of cheap populist politics, and the fomenting of protest from
Moscow. The actual transition was only initiated in 2007, after ten years
of preparation. Each year one mandatory subject to be taught was added to
the school curriculum so that 60% of their teaching is in Estonian and 40%
in Russian. (Moscow has conveniently ignored the fact that fully
Russian-language primary schools in Estonia will remain unchanged.)

Some critics of the transition say that instruction in Estonian has
negatively affected the students’ ability to achieve good academic results.
Research has shown that this is not the case. In fact the schools that have
the most significant advances in students’ average scores in national exams
are the Russian-language schools that have already transitioned to partial
Estonian instruction.

Canada has also played an important role in the transition program. The
language immersion method developed in Canada has had a significant impact
on the successful implementation of the transition process.

The director of the Sillamäe trade school, Inna Nazarova, a candidate of
the Social Democrat list in the parliamentary elections has chosen to bring
the language issue into the campaign. She has promised to work against the
partial transition to Estonian in Russian language schools, to simplify the
process whereby individuals that were move to Estonia prior to 1991 can get
citizenship and improve relations with Russia. She has been openly
admonished by some of the leadership if the Social Democrats, but has
managed to make the issues into a campaign statement , which once more
gives Moscow an excuse to make further accusations and continue its
strategy of intimidation.
Laas Leivat (To be continued.)

http://www.eesti.ca/estonian-elections-language-policy-and-russian-threats-to-invade-estonian-life/article44489

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