[lg policy] The Darjeeling Hills Simmered, Centring on The Gorkhaland Movement

Harold Schiffman haroldfs at gmail.com
Wed Dec 27 19:57:20 UTC 2017 

Through much of 2017, the picturesque Darjeeling Hills – once a dreamy
tourist gateway – simmered with violence over the revived demand for a
separate Gorkhaland state.(Photo: PTI)
The Darjeeling Hills Simmered, Centring on The Gorkhaland Movement
Milinda Ghosh Roy <https://www.thequint.com/author/186994/milinda-ghosh-roy>15H
04M AGO
India <https://www.thequint.com/news/india>4 min read
1.5k ENGAGEMENT

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Through much of 2017, the picturesque Darjeeling Hills – once a dreamy
tourist gateway – simmered with violence over the revived demand for a
separate Gorkhaland state.

The agitation that started against the alleged imposition of Bengali
language on the locals, snowballed into an intense movement for statehood,
triggering widespread arson and vandalism, massive clashes, multiple
casualties, political blame games, and the longest-ever shutdown of 104
days that brought the entire northern West Bengal hills to a standstill.
The Rise And Fall Of Mamata Banerjee In Darjeeling

During the May civic body polls, Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM), the leading
political force in the hills for over a decade, retained its supremacy by
winning the Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong municipalities, but suffered
a crushing defeat in Mirik Notified Area, where the Trinamool Congress
(TMC) gained a two-thirds majority. The Trinamool also significantly upped
its vote share in Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong.

Elated with her party making inroads in the region, West Bengal Chief
Minister and Trinamool supremo Mamata Banerjee called it the beginning of a
new era.


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However, her jubilation soon turned to concern as the Gorkha locals hit the
streets in early June against the West Bengal government's three-language
policy in the state schools and accused it of imposing Bengali on them.

*Also Read: *Five Reasons Why A Separate State of Gorkhaland is Not A
Reality
<https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/why-there-is-no-separate-state-of-gorkhaland>

Banerjee, in turn, accused the GJM of spreading lies to divide the Bengali
and Nepali communities and vowed to take action against the board members
of the GJM-run hill development body, Gorkhaland Territorial Administration
(GTA), if a special audit ordered by her government unearthed financial
irregularities.

The very next day, GJM activists burnt the Chief Minister’s effigies and
rallied, demanding the state government publish a written circular about
not making Bengali compulsory in the hills.


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Violence erupted in the heart of Darjeeling on 8 June, the day the state
cabinet held its first meeting there in 45 years, when hundreds of GJM
activists went on a rampage, breaking police barricades, pelting stones and
torching a police outpost. By evening, the army had to be called in to stop
the situation from spiralling out of control.

*Also Read: *Gorkhaland Stir: Who Will Centre, Mamata Talk to Post Bandh?
<https://www.thequint.com/news/india/gorkhaland-stir-post-bandh-who-will-the-centre-mamata-talk-to-gurung-or-tamang>
The Era Of Destruction

The GJM called a 12-hour shutdown in the hills, complaining of police
atrocities on their workers, even as nearly 4,500 tourists were stranded in
different parts of Darjeeling and Kalimpong. Within two days of the strike,
the GJM called an indefinite shutdown from 12 June.

As the shutdown started, pro-Gorkhaland rallies, picketing, vandalism in
government offices, and clashes between the agitators and security forces
became regular happenings. The situation deteriorated after three local
activists were killed during clashes with police in Darjeeling and Sonada
on 7 July. The incensed locals held the state administration responsible
for the deaths, and resorted to widespread violence and arson that
compelled the government to deploy the army – the second time in exactly a
month.

*Also Read: *GJM’s Bimal Gurung Calls Off Gorkhaland Strike, Weathers
Backlash
<https://www.thequint.com/videos/news-videos/bimal-gurung-calls-off-gorkhaland-darjeeling-strike>

The constant police raids at several GJM leaders' residences, including
party chief Gurung, further infuriated the hill parties. Setting aside
their differences with GJM, prominent hill outfits like the Gorkha National
Liberation Front (GNLF) and the Jana Andolan Party (JAP) supported the
cause of Gorkhaland.

By the first month of the indefinite shutdown, thousands participated in
pro-Gorkhaland rallies every day.


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The GJM announced a fast-unto-death while several Gorkha intellectuals,
including singers, filmmakers and poets registered their protest by
returning awards received from state government.

On 19 August, two separate bomb blasts within 24 hours in Darjeeling and
Kalimpong rocked the hills. One civic volunteer was killed while two
security personnel were injured in the Kalimpong explosion.


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*Also Read: *Gorkhaland Agitation: Arrest Warant Issued For GJM Chief, 7
Others
<https://www.thequint.com/news/india/gorkhaland-gjm-bimal-gurung-chief>

The police raids were intensified and a lookout notice was issued against
Gurung and his associates under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act,
forcing him to abscond.

The West Bengal government's attempt to call truce with the agitators was
futile as all the prominent hill outfits and opposition political parties
boycotted the first two state-convened all-party meetings and formed the
Gorkhaland Movement Coordination Committee to supervise the agitation.

However, as the shutdown continued without any positive outcome for the
Gorkhaland demand, cracks emerged within the hill parties and even among
the GJM leadership.


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The JAP openly questioned the relevance of the shutdown while the GNLF said
it was ready to discuss the Gorkhaland issue with the state government,
defying GJM's decision that only tripartite talks between the Centre, the
state and hill parties would be allowed.

*Also Read: *Cracks in Gorkhaland Unity as Hill Parties Question GJM
Leadership
<https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/cracks-in-gorkhaland-unity-as-hill-parties-question-gjm-leadership>

But the GJM infighting came out in the open after its general secretary,
Binay Tamang, and leader Anit Thapa were ousted from the party for
announcing a partial withdrawal of the shutdown. The leaders, however,
called the expulsion "unconstitutional" and, with Gurung still in hiding,
strengthened their hold on the party.

Seizing the opportunity, Banerjee announced sops for people of the hills
and appointed Tamang as the head of the Board of Administrators for
carrying out development activities in the hills.


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After a series of seemingly "positive talks" between the two parties and an
appeal from Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh, the shutdown was called off
after 104 days.

As the year draws to a close, an uneasy calm prevails in the hills, with
police on the hunt for Gurung, who continues to send chilling audio
messages from his hideout.


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 Harold F. Schiffman

Professor Emeritus of
 Dravidian Linguistics and Culture
Dept. of South Asia Studies
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305

Phone:  (215) 898-7475
Fax:  (215) 573-2138

Email:  haroldfs at gmail.com
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/

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