[Lingtyp] "Double reflexive" constructions

[Riccardo Giomi]

Dear typologists,

I am looking for languages in which, with some predicates at least,
unambiguous expression of reflexivity is only attained by combining two
separate markers. Typically, the elements participating in such
"double-reflexive" constructions (quotes needed) belong to one of the
following, broadly-defined classes:

- a valency-decreasing "middle" marker / intransitivizer (usually, though
not necessarily a bound morpheme);

- a reflexive, personal or logophoric pronoun;

- a so-called reflexive intensifier, i.e. an element that functions like
English reflexive pronouns in appositional or adverbial position (e.g. *I
myself swept the ground / I swept the ground myself*).

Below are a few examples of possible combinations of such elements (I have
harmonized the glosses used by the various authors):

Intransitivizer + reflexive pronoun: Kuuk Thaayorre
[image: immagine.png]

Intransitivizer + personal pronoun: Hmwaveke
[image: immagine.png]

Intransitivizer + intensifier (attached to the (subject) nominal and
glossed 'SELF'): Dyirbal
[image: immagine.png]

Intransitivizer + intensifier (attached to the verb): Mezquital Otomí
[image: immagine.png]

(Gast & Siemund 2006: 368. The authors also give an example in which the
intensifier takes the longer form *sε̌hε̒ *and occurs as an unbound
adverb-like element.)

Intensifier (marked ergative, in apposition to the (subject) nominal) +
personal/logophoric pronoun (marked absolutive) : Tsakhur
[image: immagine.png]

If any of you is aware of a language in which "double marking" of
reflexivity is the only option, that would be especially helpful; but, more
generally, I am interested in all such constructions -- or possibly other,
comparable ones which I may be leaving out of the picture. (Please don't
bother signalling Germanic or Romance data like German *sich + selbst* or
Spanish *si + a si mismo* -- I am already taking those into account.)

Many thanks in advance, best wishes,
Riccardo

References
Dik, Simon C. 1983. The Status of verbal reflexives. In Liliane Tasmowski &
Dominique Willems (eds.), *Problems in syntax*, 231–255. New York & London:
Plenum Press.
Gaby, Alice. 2006. *A grammar of Kuuk Thaayorre.* Melbourne: University of
Melbourne dissertation.
Gast, Volker & Peter Siemund. 2006. Rethinking the relationship between
SELF-intensifiers and reflexives". *Linguistics* 44(2), 343-381.
Lyutikova, Ekaterina A. 2000. Reflexives and emphasis in Tsaxur
(Nakh-Dagestanian). In Z. Frajzyngier and T. Curl (eds.), *Reflexives:
Forms and Functions, *227-255. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Moyse-Faurie, Claire. 2008. Constructions expressing middle, reflexive and
reciprocal situations in some Oceanic languages. In Ekkehard König & Volker
Gast (eds.), *Reciprocals* *and reflexives: Theoretical and typological
explorations*, 105–168. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

-- 
Riccardo Giomi, Ph.D.
University of Liège
Département de langues modernes : linguistique, littérature et traduction
Research group *Linguistique contrastive et typologie des langues*
F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral fellow (CR - FC 43095)
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