17.395, Review: Sociolinguistics/Dialectology: Wolfram&Ward (2005)

[LINGUIST List]

LINGUIST List: Vol-17-395. Mon Feb 06 2006. ISSN: 1068 - 4875.

Subject: 17.395, Review: Sociolinguistics/Dialectology: Wolfram&Ward (2005)

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1)
Date: 02-Feb-2006
From: John Levis < jlevis at iastate.edu >
Subject: American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast 

	
-------------------------Message 1 ---------------------------------- 
Date: Mon, 06 Feb 2006 19:07:37
From: John Levis < jlevis at iastate.edu >
Subject: American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast 
 

EDITORS: Wolfram, Walt; Ward, Ben
TITLE: American Voices
SUBTITLE: How dialects differ from coast to coast
PUBLISHER: Blackwell Publishing
YEAR: 2005
Announced at http://linguistlist.org/issues/16/16-2630.html 

John M. Levis, Department of English (TESL/Applied Linguistics), Iowa 
State University, Ames, Iowa. 

SUMMARY OF THE BOOK

Someone traveling to almost any area of the United States will find 
small books in welcome centers, gas stations, and tourist catering 
bookstores which claim to describe how locals really talk (for 
example, ''Talk like a Texan'').  These books abound in stereotypes.  
What they do not provide, by and large, is reliable information about 
the dialect or dialects of the area.  Or, as one of the selections in this 
book describes the booklet called Ferhoodled English, ''Much of what 
this booklet insists is typical of this English variety has not been 
confirmed by fieldwork'' but is full of ''commercial stereotyping with a 
vengeance'' (p. 263).

American Voices is a collection of 40 brief papers (about 5-7 pages 
each) on various American regional and sociocultural dialects.  All 
originally appeared in Language Magazine and are reordered in the 
book according to geographic and social criteria.  Each of the papers 
is written by one or more scholars who have studied the dialect written 
about in the article.  Some of the authors are relatively unknown but 
many are acknowledged authorities.  Each of the papers was 
originally written for an audience that is deeply interested in language 
but which does not necessarily have specialized linguistic training.  
The net effect of acknowledged authorities and attempts to be 
accessible is that the book is accessible for a general audience while 
also being useful for those who are more linguistically sophisticated.

The most valuable aspects of the book, besides the quality of the 
articles, is the breadth of the dialects treated, the emphasis on 
settlement information in many of the articles in explaining why 
dialects have developed as they have, and the inclusion of some non-
US varieties (from Canada, the Bahamas and the Caribbean, and the 
island of Tristan da Cunha).  Many of the articles describe dialects for 
which I had never before read a description, even though I had a 
passing knowledge that they must be of interest (for example, Upper 
Peninsula, Utah, and Tristan da Cunha).

The book's 40 papers are divided into seven overall sections.  The 
introductory section contains only one article (Language Evolution or 
Dying Traditions:  The State of American Dialects), followed by 
sections on the dialects of the South, the North, the Midwest, the 
West, Islands, and Sociocultural dialects.

The South includes seven articles, an overview article (Sounds of the 
South) and six on specific regions and cities (Appalachia, the Smoky 
Mountains, Charleston, Texas, New Orleans, and Tennessee).  

The North includes seven (New England, Boston, Maine, Pittsburgh, 
New York City, Philadelphia, and Canada).  

Six articles describe areas of the Midwestern US (two general articles, 
and one each on Chicago, Ohio, St. Louis, and the Upper Peninsula 
of Michigan).  

Four describe the West (California, Utah, Oregon, and Arizona).  

The Islands, for me the most interesting section, includes eight papers 
(Hawai'i, the West Indies, Sea Islands, the Bahamas, the Outer Banks, 
Smith Island, Newfoundland, and Tristan da Cunha).  

Finally, the last section of the book, Sociocultural dialects, includes 
seven articles (two on African American English, and one each on 
Chicano English, Cajun English, Lumbee English, Jewish English, and 
the English of the Pennsylvania Dutch).

Individual authors represented in the book are:  Bridget Anderson, 
Guy Bailey, Maciej Baranowski, John Baugh, Cynthia Bernstein, 
Renée Blake, Charles Boberg, David Bowie, Richard Cameron, J. K. 
Chambers, Becky Childs, Sandra Clarke, Jeff Conn, Connie Eble, 
Penelope Eckert, Jim Fitzpatrick, Beverly Olson Flanigan, Ellen 
Fluharty, Carmen Fought, Timothy Frazier, Valerie Fridland, Matthew 
Gordon, Lauren Hall-Lew, Kirk Hazen, Marion Lois Huffines, Neal 
Hutcheson, Barbara Johnstone, Scott Kiesling, Christin Mallinson, 
Megan Melançon, Norma Mendoza-Denton, Miriam Meyerhoff, Wendy 
Morkel, Thomas Murray, Naomi Nagy, Michael Newman, Jeffrey 
Reaser, Julie Roberts, Claudio Salvucci, Natalie Schilling-Estes, 
Daniel Schreier, Ruth Simon, Jane Smith, Jan Tillery, Benjamin 
Torbert, Tracey Weldon, and Walt Wolfram.

CRITICAL EVALUATION

The book is excellent for a general audience and meets the goal of 
the editors, that linguists would ''be able to write trade articles without 
resorting to the jargon that so frequently typified their technical 
descriptions'' (p. xii) and would avoid ''transforming inherently 
interesting subject matter into jargon-laced presentations that are 
comprehensible only to the few thousand professional linguists in the 
world'' (p. xi).  It is an excellent book for introductory linguistics 
students and for experts who have a passing (or even more than 
passing) interest in dialect research. Despite the book's value, it lacks 
several features that would make it much more useful for a 
linguistically sophisticated audience.

First, the articles all use a pseudo-phonetic representation (for 
example, the central lax unrounded vowel is usually transcribed as uh) 
to give readers a way to understand how words are pronounced.  This 
representation seems inconsistent between articles.  For example, the 
low back vowel [Latin small letter alpha, Unicode 0251 hex] was 
usually written ''ah'' but also was represented by ''a'', ''o'', ''aa''.  The 
mid-central unstressed vowel [Latin small letter schwa, Unicode 
0259 hex] was represented by ''uh'', ''a'', and ''ah''.  While the 
representations of sounds would usually be clear to a general 
audience who has attended US public schools, it was not always so.  I 
found myself often desiring phonetic translations, especially when the 
sounds in question did not nicely correspond to standard vowel 
phonemes.  For example, the ''hoi toid'' (high tide) pronunciation of the 
Outer Banks dialect is not really the vowel in 'boy' but the /aj/ 
diphthong with a central rather than a low nucleus.  This led to the 
same sound being represented elsewhere as ''uh-ee''.  While I 
understand that phonetic precision is difficult with the blunt edge of 
pseudo-phonetic transcription, it would have been helpful if the editors 
had provided a phonetic translation and had brought the original 
articles into line with consistent representations.  Readers from other 
areas of the world who may not be facile with American pseudo-
phonetic symbols (for example, British English pseudo-phonetics for 
schwa is ''er'' rather than ''uh'') would greatly benefit from such a 
phonetic translation.

The book would also benefit from a summary of dialect features cross-
referenced to the articles in the book.  For example, the ''cot-caught'' 
vowel merger is discussed in a large number of the articles, all of 
which could be listed in a glossary.  Also, the vocabulary items could 
be listed alphabetically so that later, when a reader wants to find 
something again (''Where was that word ''mommuck'' used?  I know I 
read about it in at least two different places.''), there would be no need 
to search through many articles.  While such an index would not be 
completely straightforward, Wolfram and Schilling-Estes (2001), and 
Wolfram, Adger, and Christian (1999) both provide a model for such a 
summary.

Another small problem is that the book is inconsistent in its internal 
cross-referencing.  Some, but by no means all, of the articles have 
editorial insertions referring to other articles in the collection.  I often 
wanted to be reminded of which articles reference the same general 
trends or specific features I was reading about, but found that most 
articles did not provide this.  Such internal cross-references would 
have highlighted important connections between papers in the 
collection.

In addition, the book almost cries out for some summary articles 
written especially for this volume.  The introductory articles that are 
included were originally written as stand alone articles not for this 
volume.  As a result, they are often like ill-fitting clothes, not quite 
covering the other related articles that follow them.

As is to be expected, not all of the articles are of the same level of 
interest or quality.  If I were reading the articles once a month over 
several years, I would probably not have noticed that some of the 
dialects were barely worthy of description (several dialects of the West 
section come to mind, each of which over-emphasized the importance 
of the presence of the ever-present ''cot-caught'' merger).  The dialect 
descriptions presented in these articles seemed to be more a hope 
that a unique dialect existed than a description of clear evidence that 
it really did.  I sometimes came to suspect that the fact that ''there are 
practically no descriptions'' (as one of the authors in the collection put 
it) of certain western dialects was because they didn't exist.  Some 
articles that promised much, such as the one on Arizona English, 
ultimately disappointed because they described only the speech of 
mainstream speakers rather than the English spoken by the many 
native American peoples in that state (which the author spoke about in 
the article's introduction).

Despite these minor weaknesses, the book more than achieves its 
goals.  It is both a helpful survey of regional and social dialect 
variation in the United States and highly accessible.  In fact, most of 
the articles were a lot of fun to read, which says that the authors truly 
succeeded in meeting the editors' challenge ''to tell their story in a way 
that might be comprehensible to their friends, family, and non-linguist 
colleagues and students'' (p. xii).

REFERENCES

Wolfram, W., Adger, C., and Christian, D. 1999.  Dialects in Schools 
and Communities. Lawrence Erlbaum.

Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N.  2005.  American English:  
Dialects and variation., 2nd ed. Blackwell Publishing. 

ABOUT THE REVIEWER

John M. Levis is associate professor of TESL/Applied Linguistics at 
Iowa State University (USA), where he teaches courses in ESL/EFL 
teaching methodology (both general and for oral communication), 
phonology, general linguistics, sociolinguistics, and dialects.  His 
research interests include pronunciation and the intelligibility of 
spoken language.





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