35.2829, Review: The Life Cycle of Language: Kavitskaya and Yu (eds.) (2024)

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Subject: 35.2829, Review: The Life Cycle of Language: Kavitskaya and Yu (eds.) (2024)

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Date: 12-Oct-2024
From: Philemon Gomwalk [philgomwalk at gmail.com]
Subject: Historical Linguistics, Morphology, Sociolinguistics, Syntax: Kavitskaya and Yu (eds.) (2024)


Book announced at https://linguistlist.org/issues/35.1430

EDITOR: Darya Kavitskaya
EDITOR: Alan C. L. Yu
TITLE: The Life Cycle of Language
SUBTITLE: Past, Present, and Future
PUBLISHER: Oxford University Press
YEAR: 2024

REVIEWER: Philemon Gomwalk

Introduction

This volume contains 25 chapters written by scholars from diverse
linguistic research backgrounds, representing varying theoretical
perspectives and methodological concerns. The empirical data sets
presented in the volume come from a wide range of languages – Hittite,
Sanskrit, Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Turkic, Proto-Bantu, from the
distant past – and Cantonese, Meskwaki, Mono, Nivaclé, and
Séliš-Ql’ispé, in the present. It also covers languages from all
continents, except Antarctica.

Summary

The book is organized into three main parts. Part 1, “Reconstructing
the past,” has 10 chapters that deal with different phonological,
morphological, syntactic, and semantic changes affecting linguistic
structure and sociocultural language evolution from historical
perspectives. The first two chapters focus on aspects of sound change.
In Chapter 1, Larry M. Hyman addresses aspects of the diachronic
evolution of length contrast in Proto-Bantu, leading to the creation
of residual distinguishing four vowel length systems in several
surviving languages in the Bantoid phyla today. In Chapter 2, Darya
Kavitskaya and Adam McCollum offer a wide-ranging diachronic analysis
of the rise and fall of rounding harmony in the Turkic-related
languages of today. In Chapter 3, Alice Gaby explores an aspect of
semantic linguistic change, extensively discussing the morpho-lexical
operation of the desiderative phenomenon in Kuuk Thaayorre, a Paman
language spoken on the west coast of Australia’s Cape York Peninsula.
In Chapter 4, Mary Paster discusses key changes in the use of negative
marker elements of past and perfect aspectual systems of some
languages belonging to the Akan cluster in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. In
Chapter 5, Matthew L. Juge discusses the evolutionary history of the
Future Subjunctive in contemporary Ibero-Romance languages, focusing
on semantic considerations of aspect and mood in conditional and
temporal sentence constructions. In Chapter 6, David Goldstein offers
a detailed discussion of the non-teleological nature of the
definiteness cycle in diachronic Romance languages of Western Europe.
In Chapter 7, Lyle Campbell identifies, highlights, and reviews
several unusual traits in Nivaclé, a Matacoan language spoken in
Argentina and Paraguay, at phonological, morphological, and
morphosyntactic levels of linguistic analysis. In Chapter 8, Jay H.
Jasanoff focuses on the historical evolution of the perfect of the
Greek verb / γιγν ωσκω/ ‘Eng. ‘recognize, know’. The chapter attempts
to show the importance of understanding the historical development in
making claims about synchronic morphological irregularities,
especially as these apply to the grammatical nuances of Classical
Greek and how gradual morphological changes occurred, eventually
leading to different usage patterns in contemporary Greek varieties.
In Chapter 9, H. Craig Melchert addresses the syntactic position of
the Hittite subordinating conjunction, /kuit ‘because’/. In Chapter
10, Juliette Blevins argues that the source for one of the
reconstructed forms for ‘apple,’ ∗méh2l-o-, is not
Proto-Indo-European, but Proto-Basque.

Part 2, “Philological and Documentary Past and Present,” contains 10
chapters that focus on data sets derived from languages of the past or
contemporary oral/documentary speech which have theoretical
implications for historical and comparative linguistic research in
general. Donca Steriade, in Chapter 11, offers new insights into the
nature of reduplication in Sanskrit through the lens of modern
linguistic theory. Sarah Thomason, in Chapter 12, examines the nature
of sound symbolic words in Séliš-Ql’ispé, which provides an important
empirical basis for the comparative study of Salishan languages.
Gabriela Caballero, in Chapter 13, offers a meditation on the nature
of grammar writing, focusing on the description of the interaction
between tone and morphological structure in Choguita Rarámuri.
Particularly for such under-documented languages, reference grammars
often serve as the primary documentary evidence for historical and
comparative work and are instrumental in language reclamation efforts.
Hannah J. Haynie and Maziar Toosarvandani, in Chapter 14, examine Mono
dialectology based on Sydney Lamb’s field notes and offer new insights
into the internal subgroupings among Mono varieties. Clare S. Sandy,
in Chapter 15, examines the transcriptional practice of J. P.
Harrington, the prodigious fieldworker whose voluminous work on Native
American languages is largely unpublished and is in often cryptically
transcribed field notes. Sandy focuses on Harrington’s work on Karuk,
illuminating the many different uses of diacritics in his Karuk field
notes. Justin Spence, in Chapter 16, examines stylistic differences
across texts from Athabaskan languages in California, while Lucy
Thomason, in Chapter 17, focuses on a set of texts from Meskwaki that
share the same theme, but exhibit diverse linguistic as well as
stylistic features. In Chapter 18, Lisa Conathan examines the creation
of linguistic texts, problematizing modern practices of language
documentation. The case in point comes from the Massachusetts
language, where she examines the interactions among oral discourse,
textual documentation, and contemporary native language reclamation.
Christine Beier and Lev Michael, in Chapter 19, highlight the
intricacies of orthography design in Máı jùnà, proposing a model for
community-participatory orthography development that emerged from
collaboration between linguists and members of the communities of
Peruvian Amazonia. Finally, in Chapter 20, Marianne Mithun argues that
the generally scanty historical records that hinder efforts at
language maintenance and revitalization in many local communities in
different parts of the world can be greatly enhanced if information
from related languages is brought to bear.

Part 3, “Looking Forward: New Approaches,” features chapters focusing
on the theoretical and methodological basis of language change
research. In Chapter 21, Molly Babel and Melinda Fricke argue for
incorporating psycholinguistic findings in language contact research.
Specifically, they look at how processes of cross-language interaction
within an individual speaker shape sound patterns in the context of
languages in contact. In Chapter 22, Alan C. L. Yu, Carol K. S. To,
and Yao Yao investigate the role of child-directed speech in sound
change, showing that some, but not all, sound changes in progress in
Hong Kong Cantonese exhibit enhancement effects, which have been
hypothesized to be a source of incrementation in language change. In
Chapter 23, Chundra Cathcart analyzes the temporal dynamics of the
leveling of vocalic and consonantal patterns of allomorphy in Middle
and Early New High German using Bayesian modeling. Finally, Claire
Bowern, in Chapter 24, examines changes in Nyulnyulan languages, where
both gradual diffusionist tendencies and abrupt splits are observed.
These changes reflect complex sociohistorical patternings which tree
or wave models of language change have difficulties capturing.

Evaluation

The overall value of the volume lies in the efforts made by its
contributors to highlight and demonstrate the multifaceted nature and
extensive scope of contemporary language change research. Its
contributors come from a wide range of theoretical backgrounds and,
thus, choose to apply different analytical procedures for explaining
and reporting on the data cited in their respective chapters.

Bringing together contributions from different researchers and working
with data from different languages, the volume provides illuminating
pathways for research in Classical Indo-European-Sanskrit philology,
diachronic phonological theory, morpho-syntax, lexico-semantics,
psycholinguistics, textual material analyses, and language
documentation and revitalization. The volume generally aims at
demonstrating how key concepts related to diachronic/synchronic
linguistics can be explained and illustrated through the methodical
application of appropriate empirical datasets. The volume also shows
how emerging theoretical, methodological, and fieldwork-oriented
procedures and research instruments / resource materials can be used
in the specific descriptions of some key interface phenomena in
diachronic linguistics in particular.

To assess the overall value of all chapters in the volume objectively,
I discuss a representative sample of them, adopting three intersecting
criteria, namely: the universally recognized levels /components of
general linguistics, relative to the historical and comparative study
of languages; the scope and depth of topic discourse, including
cross-reference citations and illustrations; and contemporary
relevance and immediacy of topic discourse. Six chapters were selected
for close reading and review. Hopefully, these chapters will provide a
subjective, yet panoramic view of the scope and intellectual contents
of a cross section of chapters in the volume, for the benefit of
potential readers.

The first chapter on my shortlist is that of Larry M. Hyman (Chapter 1
in the volume), “The fall and rise of vowel length in Bantu”. The
discussion in Hyman’s chapter begins in Section 1.1 (p. 3) with a
brief definition and explanation of the nature of vowel length in
language. In Section 1.2 (pp. 3-5), he explains the extent to which
vowel length can fulfill all the functions that have been documented
for tone. In Sections 1.3 (pp. 5-8), Hyman traces the evolution of
vowel length in proto-Bantu, providing an exhaustive discussion of the
key stages and processes by which the long vowels can be reconstructed
in a viable diachronic description of Proto-Bantu (PB). In doing this,
Hyman cites other explanations on proto-Bantu phonological
descriptions provided in Meeussen (1979;1980). Hyman agrees with
Meeussen’s contention that “…a number of vowels have been shortened
and ultimately lost in many Bantu languages, most of which innovate
new vowel lengthening, hence the title “fall and rise of vowel length
in Bantu (Meeussen 1967: 82)”. In Sections 1.4-1.5 (pp. 8-20), Hyman
provides extensive discussion of key aspects of vowel length in
proto-Bantu as well as in different contemporary Bantu languages.
Finally, in Section 1.6 (pp. 20-22), he returns to the question of
what vowel length can do in language, based on a demonstration from
proto-Bantu, where he documents some of the potential functions of
vowel length not only in proto-Bantu in particular, but also in
language in general.

Overall, Hyman’s chapter provides the reader with very stimulating
insights into the nature and extent of vowel length as a global
phonological feature. Apart from showing that the features occur in
proto-Bantu, Hyman is also able to demonstrate that it is observable
in many contemporary Bantoid language varieties. Hyman’s discussion of
the vowel length phenomenon in proto-Bantu is, in my opinion, not only
relevant for diachronic Bantu-related linguistic studies on a global
level but also significant for current understanding of the same
phonological feature as it occurs in other contemporary Bantoid
language varieties. It is also noteworthy that the particular insights
that Hyman offers provide strong evidence of his longstanding
expertise in diachronic analysis of different aspects of proto-Bantu
in particular and contemporary Bantoid languages in general.The second
chapter on my review shortlist is that of Mary Paster (Chapter 4 in
the volume), titled ‘‘Akan morphological ‘reversal’ in historical
context’’. It was selected because it deals with languages and
examples from within the African research context and I found its
content both interesting and relevant. In different sections of the
chapter, Paster cites and exhaustively analyzes both comparative and
contrastive data from Akan and from Tano languages in Ghana and Côte
d’Ivoire, respectively, in an effort to understand the diachronic
origins and contemporary reversal patterns of use of past and perfect
aspectual markers in the languages in focus. For example, in Section
4.2 (pp. 53-57), the author provides an overview of some of the
previous synchronic accounts on the topic, showing that such accounts
are not quite adequate for Akan in particular and, therefore, need to
be revisited.

Although Paster identifies a previous analysis (Osam, 1994) that
offers a diachronic account of past and perfect aspectual markers in
Akan, this account is assessed by the author as being inadequate and
scanty analytically. In Section 4.3 (pp. 57-65), Paster offers a
comparable, more expansive analysis, with key differences and
additional details. This analysis is presented and illustrated with
copious data from Tano languages, for purposes of contrast with Akan.
In Section 4.4 (pp. 65-67), the author further proposes a
reconstruction of the list of relevant past and perfect aspectual
markers observed in the Tano languages, alongside an explanation for
how some of the modern languages, including Akan, came to exhibit the
apparent reversal phenomenon.
After reading Paster’s chapter, I find her overall discussion of the
phenomenon of morphological reversal in Akan not only incisive but
also convincing. I believe it serves to expand the narrow confines of
morphological description in the diachronic study of African
languages. Unsurprisingly, the author of this chapter has shown her
interest in serious morphological description by having conducted
high-level prior field study on Asante Twi (see Pater, 2011 in the
reference section of this volume).

The third chapter on my short list is that of Lyle Campbell (Chapter 7
in the volume), titled “Typology and history of unusual traits in
Nivacle’’. It was selected because it deals with languages and
examples from within the South American linguistic research
environment. I found it interesting and very informative in content. I
believe that it is a worthy contribution to research in both
diachronic and synchronic typological linguistics. Campbell’s chapter
is primarily concerned with identifying and explaining the nature of
the unusual ‘diachronic and typological’ linguistic traits /features
of Nivacle, a Matacoan language spoken in Argentina and Paraguay.

According to Campbell’s own characterization of the linguistic
features he sets out to discuss, ‘‘… These traits are linguistically
interesting in and of themselves. However, they also have broader
implications, for typology and for language change. Their discovery in
Nivaclé demonstrates how, without language documentation, we stand to
lose unspeakable amounts of information and knowledge’’. In Section
7.1 (p. 99), Campbell asserts that in the course of carrying out
language documentation fieldwork, it is not unusual to encounter new
and unusual (sometimes unique) typological traits that are of
considerable importance for the evolution of general linguistic
theory. It is in this respect that Campbell may be implicitly offering
arguments for historical and comparative linguists to try to identify
and explore the full range of what is or is not possible, in human
languages. In other words, language scholars should continue to be
concerned with the investigation and documentation of all normal (i.e.
universal) and abnormal (i.e. localized) typological traits in all
human languages in both diachrony and synchrony.

Throughout Sections 7.2 to 7.8 (pp. 99-116) of his chapter, Campbell
attempts to identify and discuss the theoretical value and linguistic
significance of unusual typological traits encountered in Nivaclé.
Finally, in Section 7.8 (pp. 116-117), he draws conclusions on how the
identification and documentation of such unusual typological features,
as cited and discussed in the Nivaclé language, can have implications
for claims about how and why languages change over time. Similarly,
the presence of such unusual features can also raise many unanswered
questions that deserve attention for future investigation.

I find Campbell’s robust exposé of the unusual typological traits
found in Nivaclé to be informative and intellectually stimulating. I
am also persuaded that many of the unusual linguistic traits
identified by Campbell point to how information on key aspects of
diachronic linguistic typology and specific instances of contemporary
language variation are often interlinked. Together they contribute to
a deeper understanding of the nature of language change in generale.
It is also worth noting that the expertise of Lyle Campbell in
Historical and Comparative Linguistics is well attested, as
demonstrated by his authorship of many publications (see Campbell &
Muntzel, 1989; Campbell & Grondona, 2012; Campbell, 2012;2013; 2017;
2020).

The fourth chapter is that of Gabriela Caballero (Chapter 13 in the
volume), ‘‘Tone and morphological structure in a documentation-based
grammar of Choguita Rarámuri’’. It was selected because it deals with
languages and examples from within the South American research
environment and it focuses on a fascinating area of linguistic
interface. In general, the chapter seeks to outline and describe the
main properties of the tonal system in Choguita Rarámuri, a
Uto-Aztecan language of Northern Mexico. Specifically, Caballero
highlights and explains the supportive as well as interactive roles
played by the tonal system of Choguita Rarámuri (CR) in the language’s
morphological structure. The author presents the details of the
complex interactions between the tonal system, morphological
structure, and syntactic structure. In Section 13.1 (pp. 198-200),
Caballero provides a concise explanation of the nature and operational
mechanics of the CR tone system, which essentially involves a complex
network of interactions: first,  between tone patterns, stress
patterns, and word-level prosody (at the level of the word); second,
between different lexical and grammatical patterns, involving tonal
movements (at the level of lexical/phrase level of organization) and;
finally, between lexical/grammatical tone and sentence intonation
permutations (at the apex level of organization). In Sections
13.2-13.3 (pp. 200-208), the author explains that the tone system in
CR involves a three-way contrast at the level of the word, while tonal
patterning of phrases and intonation permutations of sentences are
robust and are mutually interactive, serving important roles in the
language. Caballero indicates that tone patterns in verbal paradigms
result from an interplay between, on the one hand, lexical tone and
phonological processes governing its distribution with respect to
stress placement, and, on the other hand, grammatical tone, which is
sensitive to the morphological structure of complex words. The author
also reveals that both lexical/grammatical tones are preserved in
different intonational contexts given their important role in the
language. This implies that the tone system in CR exhibits systematic
patterns of inter-speaker variation, from the implementation of
lexical tonal contrasts to the realization and distribution of lexical
and grammatical tones. Finally, in Section 13.4 (p. 208), Caballero
identifies and recommends some means for representing the complexities
of CR tonal systems in a reference grammar. After reading Caballero’s
discourse on CR tonal features, I am persuaded by her belief that the
development and use of reference grammars can provide critically
needed validation for existing linguistic theories as well as the
creation of pedagogical materials for language maintenance,
revitalization, and reclamation. Although reference grammars remain
limited in their current production and application, I share
Caballero’s concluding assertion that they ‘‘…. provide the world with
a representative window into language as a dynamic system with
significant variation and change in progress. The links between the
grammatical description and documentary corpus of CR represent some of
these dynamic aspects of the system in a way that it is useful for
those seeking to gain a deep understanding of the language’’
(Caballero, 2024: p213 in this volume).

The fifth chapter is that of Jeff Good (Chapter 24 in the volume),
‘‘Language change in small-scale multilingual societies: Trees, waves,
and magnets?’’. It was selected because it focuses on the nature,
types, and hypothetical directions of linguistic change in small-scale
multilingual societies, particularly in such regions of the world as
Africa and South America. In Section 24.1 (pp. 386-387), the author
explains the nature and significance of the two main modeling
mechanisms used to account for linguistic change. The author
identifies these as the ‘tree’ and ‘wave’ mechanisms of linguistic
change, respectively. In light of this distinction, he points out that
the main focus of his chapter is to propose the existence of a third
primary mechanism of linguistic change that is initiated and
reinforced by what may be termed ‘sociolinguistic dynamics’: ‘‘…the
choice of this term is intended to reflect the fact that these
dynamics involve simultaneous pressure for linguistic convergence
(i.e., attraction) among some varieties and divergence (i.e.,
repulsion) among other varieties’’ (Good, 2024:386).

In separate subsections (covering pp. 387-397), Good cites extensive
data drawn from Lower Fungom and its surrounding region within the
Cameroonian Grassfields to persuasively argue the case for the
hypothetical (historical) existence and feasible (on-going) operation
of linguistic changes, driven primarily by sociolinguistic dynamics,
in languages of this particular region. In Section 24.3 (pp. 397-398),
the author concludes his discussion by highlighting the (possible)
historical as well as observable contemporary linkages between
magnetic sociolinguistic dynamics and multilingualism in the
Cameroonian Grassfields, in addition to stressing the significance of
such linkages for understanding linguistic diversification in the
Bantoid language milieu within the area investigated. Good’s
argumentation in the chapter is persuasive enough to convince me that
it is necessary for theoretical linguists to start questioning the
continuing validity of the two dominant models of linguistic change,
particularly for application to language research in multilingual
societies.

The sixth and final chapter on my review shortlist is that of Claire
Bowern (Chapter 25 in the volume), ‘‘Gradualness and abruptness in
linguistic split: A Nyulnyulan case study’’. It focuses on contrasts
between gradualist and abrupt models for explaining the nature of
change features in languages in small-scale multilingual societies,
especially in such regions of the world as South-East Asia and
Australia/New Zealand. In Section 25.1 (pp. 399-405), the author
reviews the merits and weaknesses of the existing two-way oppositions
between models of ‘language split’ and ‘language convergence’ in
language change research. The impetus for the chapter, as noted by
Bowern, emerges from the contrasting theoretical propositions put
forward in Garrett (2006) and Babel et al. (2013) on the subject of
the contrastive mechanisms of language split and language convergence.
In subsections 25.1.1–25.1.2, for example, the author outlines and
evaluates the basic proposition in Garrett (2006) as essentially an
extended application of the rake-like (tree-branching) model to the
development of linguistic change patterns in primary subgroups of the
Indo-European (IE) family. Bowern however disagrees with this overall
proposition, concluding that the typical model of language change
cannot satisfactorily account for the historical progression of
linguistic change features in IE. As a counterpoint to Garrett’s 2006
proposal, she presents an alternative model for handling linguistic
change features not only in IE but also in other comparative language
phyla. In taking this theoretical stance, Bowern indicates preference
for the proposal advanced in Bowern & Atkinson (2012) and Babel et al.
(2013). In subsections 25.1-25.3, Bowern provides comprehensive data
sets derived from the Nyulnyulan family, one of the Non-Pama-Nyungan
language families of Northern Australia. The languages are (and were)
spoken in the Western Kimberley region, from the coast and islands off
the Dampier Peninsula and inland along the Fitzroy River, consisting
of ten different linguistic varieties (see Bowern, 2023).  In these
and succeeding subsections, Bowern is able to use historical
reconstruction (along with anthropological and social evidence) to
discuss many issues of the peculiar nature and underlying dynamics of
language convergence and language split with respect to the Nyulnyulan
languages of northwest Australia. In particular, there are
wide-ranging discussions of Nimanburru and Ngumbarl, two languages
which are clearly Nyulnyulan and which have been treated as “dialects”
of other languages, part of a linguistic continuum. Finally, in
Section 25.4 (pp. 410-411), Bowern uses Nyulnyulan to demonstrate some
of the ways in which language splits occur. In this section, several
types of change are revealed and discussed, including diffusion of
features (e.g. regular final vowel loss in Pender Bay Bardi variety,
and changes in the use of individual lexical items in Ngumbarl);
shared retentions (e.g. within Western Nyulnyulan); differentiation
through lexical borrowing (e.g. Eastern Nyulnyulan languages borrowing
from Pama-Nyungan languages to the South); shared innovations (e.g.
Eastern Nyulnyulan verb paradigms); and changes in individual
languages (see Bowern, 2024: 410-411).
I found Bowern’s discourse on the dynamics of typology and underlying
dynamics of linguistic feature convergence and/or split within
specific groups of languages Western Australia to be expansive and
insightful. As in the six previous chapters selected for closer
review, Bowern’s citation and use of empirical data to underline her
argumentation in support of the occurrence and contemporary reality of
linguistic change phenomena in Western Australia is impressive.
Bowern’s chapter offers strong evidence of her high-level expertise in
analysis of different aspects of diachronic linguistic change
mechanisms in particular and contemporary Australian languages in
general. Easy references can also be made to such publications as
Bowern (2007; 2010; 2016 & 2023) and Bowern & Atkinson (2012) to
buttress her growing scholarship in this field.

By selecting and organizing the 25 papers in the volume into three
main parts, the editors highlight a broad range of topics and interest
in areas in both diachronic and synchronic research in modern-day
linguistic scholarship. Each paper chosen by the editors rightly
deserves its place in the volume because, individually, each attempts
to explore a key topic related to different kinds of change phenomena,
either from a theoretical, methodological, or contemporary
(fieldwork-related) perspective. In doing this, the volume covers a
wide range of topics relating to phonology, morphology,
lexico-semantics, psycho-historical aspects of language learning
behaviour, diachronic/synchronic aspects of language documentation
and, revitalization. All these areas rightly form integral aspects of
true research investigation into language structure and usage in
contemporary academic scholarship.

On a final note, I warmly recommend the volume to potential readers.
This is a significant publication that offers new and invaluable
academic insights into the underlying dynamics of different kinds of
language change phenomena at different linguistic levels and related
research interfaces.

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        F. Rodegem.] (Archives d’Anthropologie, 27.) Tervuren: Musée
royal d’Afrique
         Centrale
Osam, Emmanuel Kweku Ahen (1994). Aspects ofAkan grammar: A functional
        perspective. Ph.D. thesis, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA.
Paster, Mary (2011). The verbal morphology of Asante Twi. Studies in
African Linguistics, 39(1), 77–120

ABOUT THE REVIEWER

Philemon Gomwalk is a teacher and researcher, currently affiliated to
the University of Jos in Nigeria, with research interests in the
diachronic linguistic study and analysis of languages belonging to the
Chadic sub-phylum of Afro-Asiatic within the Nigerian sociolinguistic
environment.



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