LL-L "Phonology" 2002.06.05 (02) [E]

[Lowlands-L]

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 L O W L A N D S - L * 05.JUN.2002 (02) * ISSN 189-5582 * LCSN 96-4226
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 A=Afrikaans Ap=Appalachian D=Dutch E=English F=Frisian L=Limburgish
 LS=Low Saxon (Low German) S=Scots Sh=Shetlandic Z=Zeelandic (Zeeuws)
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From: "Marco Evenhuis" <evenhuis at zeelandnet.nl>
Subject: LL-L "Phonology" 2002.06.04 (04) [E]

Frank Verhoft wrote:

> Old Dutch _e_ before _r_ got stretched to a very open
> /e:/. In Middle Dutch two forms are attested:
> _pa(e)rt_ and _pe(e)rt_.
> Modern *Standard* Dutch _paard_ is due to influence of
> the Holland and Zeeuws dialects in which the result of
> the /e/+r > open /e:/ and /a:/ merged. (Cf. Van Loon).
> I think most dialects spoken in Flanders still have
> the long (and open) /e:/ sound.
> paard: _peerd_ (or _pjeed_)
> paarden: _peerde_
> paardje: _perdje_ (short /e/)

I think it isn't correct that Frank mentioned Zeeuws in
this respect. In all dialects of Zeeuws, 'horse' is _peerd_,
_perd_ or _paerd_.
Some other examples (all three the above spellings,
_ae_, _ee_, _e_, are used, but I just stick to _ae_ for
now):

aerdappel (or _petaote_ in some dialects): potatoe
laerze: boot
aerde: soil
waerd: worth
kaeze: candle
aerm: poor
waerm: warm
etc.

Regards,

Marco

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From: R. F. Hahn <sassisch at yahoo.com>
Subject: Phonology

Marco,

It seems to me that what you write _ae_ in Zeelandic is an allophone of
the short phoneme /a/ when it is followed by syllable-final /r/.  It is
also a special allophone in most Low Saxon (Low German) dialect, where
/ar/ tends to be phonetically realized as something close to long /aa/
in Standard Dutch: [a:].  Or it could be a long /aa/ followed by /r/.
Thus, Low Saxon _Arm_ 'arm' is pronounced like English Australian "arm":
[?a:m].

Thus Zeelandic:
laerze /larz@/ ~ /laarz@/ boot
aerde /ard@/ ~ /aard@/ soil
waerd /ward/ ~ /waard/ worth
aerm /arm/ ~ /aarm/ poor
waerm /warm/ ~ /waarm/ warm

The spelling <aer> then, in my opinion, is an attempt at phonetic
representation, is, theoretically speaking, redundant as long as the
reader knows that <ar> or <aar> has that particular pronunciation.

"What about Zeelandic _kaeze_ 'candle' then," you might ask.  I assume
that there is an /r/ underlying (/karz@/ ~ /kaarz@/) but not spelled.
(Cf. German _Kerze_ 'candle')

I tend to favor the theory that it is a short /a/ lenthened by /r/, as
in Low Saxon:

arm /arm/ [?a:m] 'poor' (= Austr. "arm")
harm /harm/ [ha:m] 'harm' (= Austr. "harm")
warm /varm/ [va:m] 'warm'
Hart /hart/ [ha:t] 'heart' (= Austr. "heart")
Karr /kar/ [ka:] 'cart', 'wagon', 'barrow' (= Austr. "car")
Karn /karn/ [ka:n] 'kernel', 'pip', 'nucleus'
Arf /arf/ [?a:f] 'pea'
Kark /kark/ [ka:k] 'church' (= Austr. "to kark")
scharp /Sarp/ [Sa:p] 'sharp' (= Austr. "sharp")
Wark /vark/ [va:k] 'work'
Farken /fark at n/ ['fa:kN=] 'piglet'

Versus *long* /aa/ followed by syllable-final /r/, which is pronounced
quite differently:

Aard ~ Aart ~ Oort ~ Ort /aard/ [?Q:at] ~ [?o:at] 'type', 'kind'
Haar ~ Hoor /haar/ [kQ:a] ~ [ho:a] 'hair'
Baard ~ Baart ~ Boort /baard/ [bQ:at] ~ [bo:at] 'beard'
Aars ~ Oors ~ Ors /aars/ [?Q:as] ~ [?o:as] 'arse', 'ass'
Fahrt ~ Fohrt /faart/ [fQ:at] ~ [fo:at] 'trip', 'drive', 'ride'
Aarn ~ Oorn ~ Orn /aarn/ [?Q:an] ~ [?o:an] 'harvest' (cf. 'earn')
Schaar(d) ~ Schoor(d) /Saar(d)/ [SQ:a(t)] ~ [So:a(t)] 'cliff', 'shard'
Maard ~ Moord /maard/ [mQ:at] ~ [mo:at] 'marten'

And it is pronounced quite differently from /aa/ not preceding /r/:

faken ~ foken /faak at n/ ['fQ:kN=] ~ ['fo:kN=] 'often'
Aas ~ Oos /aas/ [?Q:s] ~ [?o:s] 'carrion', 'evil person'
Hahn ~ Hohn ~ Haan /haan/ [hQ:n] ~ [ho:n] 'rooster'
Maat /maat/ [mQ:t] ~ [mo:t] 'mate'

In several cases where Dutch writes <aar> and you write <aer> in
Zeelandic, Low Saxon has /eir/ (though unfortunately spelled <eer> in
Germany).  Note that /ei/ is realized as /E.I/ or as /a.I/, depending on
the dialect, but in some dialects (e.g., those in the Lower Elbe area)
/eir/ (i.e., /ei/ followed by syllable-final /r/) is pronounced as
though it had a long /ii/: [i:3]; e.g.,

Eerde ~ Eerd' ~ Eer ~ Ier /eird@/ ['?E.Irde] ~ [?E.I3t] ~ [?E:I3]
   ~ [?i:3] 'earth', 'soil'
Peerd ~ Pierd /peird/ [pE.I3t] ~ [pi:3t] 'horse'
Peerde ~ Peerd' ~ Peer ~ Pier /peird@/ [pE.I3de] ~ [pE:I3d] ~
   [pE:I3]~ [pi:3] 'horses'
weerd ~ weert ~ wiert /weirt/ [vE.I3t] ~ [vi:3t] 'worth', 'worthy'
Heern ~ Hiern /heirn/ [he.I3n] ~ [hi:3n] 'herring' (Dutch _haring_,
   dialectal/archaic German _Harung_)

Regards,
Reinhard/Ron

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