LL-L "Folklore" 2004.08.10 (07) [E]

[Lowlands-L]

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A=Afrikaans Ap=Appalachian B=Brabantish D=Dutch E=English F=Frisian
L=Limburgish LS=Lowlands Saxon (Low German) N=Northumbrian
S=Scots Sh=Shetlandic V=(West)Flemish Z=Zeelandic (Zeêuws)
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From: Frank Verhoft <frank.verhoft at skynet.be>
Subject: Folklore

Hi all,

How would you call a 15 centimeter long being, with a white beard, a long
pointed red hat, traditionally clad in a blue coat and brown pants, which
lives in the woods and which features a lot of (German, Dutch, ?) folktales?
Next links lead to a few images of the little chaps
<http://www.fantasylibrary.net/book.php/176>,
<http://cgi.ebay.nl/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=2261891946#ebayphotohosti
ng>.

In Dutch it's "kabouter", which is also the title of a lovely old fantasy
history book on the life and being of these fantastic creatures. In this
book, several translations are given, but i'm afraid that a few of them do
not really match completely.

Quote from the book:
"Irish: imp, goblin
English: imp, goblin
German: Heinzelmänchen
Norwegian: tomte or nisse
Swedish: tombtenisse or nisse
Danish: nisse
Polish: gnom
Fisnish: tonttu
Russian: Domovoi djèdoesjka
Serbian: kippec (patuljak)
Bulgarian: Djudjè
Yugoslavian: Patuljak
Czechian: skritek
Hungarian: manó"

Thanks to a special tv series on the French channel, i also found "nain (de
jardin).

I already looked up a few, a.o. imp and goblin, but what i found did not
really match "een kabouter". Which, all in all isn't that big a surprise
given the different folktales and folklores.
Actually, it's a messy situation, when you put language data and cultural
data next to each other: linguistically, 'kabouter' and 'cobold' match
completely, but over here, a "kobold" is something completely different than
a "kabouter".

Also the iconography and literature seems to have directed the image of this
or that fantasy being: in my youth, elfs were little, flying beings, a bit
shy, but also mild jocular teasers (sometimes even rather annoying), but i
guess that thanks to the LoTR craze, most people envision them now as
Tolkiens' wet dream of a blue-grey eyed  Herrenvolk.

Anyway, a few questions:
* What would be the word that pops up in your mind when looking at
<http://www.fantasylibrary.net/book.php/176>,
<http://cgi.ebay.nl/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=2261891946#ebayphotohosti
ng>?
* Any comments on the list given above?
* Any other names of small fantasy people, with a basically human-like
anatomy, but smaller (yep, seize matters)?

Thanks in advance,

Frank
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Visit http://groups.yahoo.com/group/foreignlanguages/

----------

From: R. F. Hahn <sassisch at yahoo.com>
Subject: Folklore

Hello, Frank!

Thanks for opening another interesting thread.

Here are a couple of "tweaks":

> German: Heinzelmänchen

Correct: Heinzelmännchen

> Russian: Domovoi djèdoesjka

International transliteration: _domovoj deduška_ (домовой дедушка, literally
"domestic grandfather" (lit. "little old house man"), which seems to point
to goblins that inhabit homes (or alternatively the earth, or both), like
many of the ones found all over Eurasia (for instance as _cüce_ in Turkish,
as _damdabacah_ in Azeri, as гэрийн буг/онгон _gerijn bug/ongon_ [lit.
"house spirit"] in Mongolian, as कपिज़ापुतर _kapizāputra_ [lit.
"earth-/brown-colored son"!*] in Sanskrit, and as (小)妖(精) _(xiao) yao(jing)_
in Chinese.

*[compare the British "brownie" (not a girl-scout!)]

As far as I know, in the North Saxon dialects of Lowlands Saxon (Low German)
the equivalents are as follows:

eyrdmantje (<Eerdmanntje>) lit. "little earth man,"
which comes from the tradition of subterranean gnomes or goblins, the usual
collective for being _ünnereyrdsche_ <Ünnereerdsche> lit. "subterraneans,"
also singular masculine _ünnereyrdschen_, feminine _ünnereyrdsche_.

In Eastern Friesland you'll come across a _wichtken_ (<Wichtken>, lit.
"little wight").

In Schleswig-Holstein, close to the North-Germanic-speaking area of Denmark,
you will come across a _puuk_ (<Puuk>) ~ _puk_ (<Puck>, as in Shakespeare's
_A Midsummernight's Dream_) as well as a _niss_ (<Niss>, <Niß>) ~ _nyss_
(<Nieß>).

In some areas there are the domestic spirit known as _alrüyneken_
(<Alrüneken>, cf. German _Alraunen_ 'mandrakes').  For more ab out them,
please see below.

There is a goblin that specializes in nautical pursuits, doing his thing on
ships.  He is called _klabauter-man_ (<Klabautermann>) or just _klabauter_
(<Klabauter>), also _klabater(s)(-man)_ (<Klabater(s)(mann)).  This is
obviously related to Dutch _kabouter_.  I would go as far as speculating
that it is derived from Dutch, given that _olC_ > _ouC_ (hence *_kabolter_ >
_kabouter_) is a shift that is specific to certain Low Franconian varieties,
including Dutch and Afrikaans.  (However, the /l/ was preserved, albeit in
the "wrong" place.)

For those of you who can read German, here is a neat little web presentation
about this guy:
http://www.janmaat.de/klabaut.htm

He's basically a good guy that warns a ship's crew of impending dangers, but
he has an impish, playful streak as well and likes to bother the crew with
his confusing pranks.  Like rats, he leaves a ship when disaster is no
longer preventable.

Apparently, this guy started his career as an ordinary domestic spirit, but
later he decided to specialize in the nautical branch.  He is invisible to
anyone that was not born on February 22.  (Perhaps someone on the List is in
the fortunate position of seeing him should he come around.)

I assume this guy has Slavonic-speaking Sorbian (Lusatian) relatives in
Eastern German (near the Polish and Czech borders): the _lutki_ ("little
people," singular _lutk_).  Like the German _Heinzelmännchen_, they can be
very useful.  The thing is that you need to get used to their lingo, whose
main characteristic is speaking in the negative when they really mean to say
things affirmatively.  (If I told this to my wife, who is aware of me being
of Sorbian descent on my maternal grandmother's side, she would be convinced
that I am partly _lutk_ on top of it ...  So, "mum"'s the word.)

So, Frank, are you trying to get us started early for Halloween?  You may be
interested in what I wrote on  an earlier occasion (LL-L "Folklore"
2001.12.10 (02) [E]):

<quote>

From: R. F. Hahn <sassisch at yahoo.com>
Subject: Folklore

Dear Lowlanders,
Some introductory descriptions of Low Saxon folklore of Northern Germany
(with Saxon heritage of "Low German" as their focus, but heavy on the
Eastphalian side) are found in Otto Lauffer's _Niederdeutsche
Volkskunde_ (Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer, 1923), of which our own Edward
Sproston kindly sent me an extra copy.  Below please find the gist of
some of it (with my transliteration of Low Saxon, and with my notes
within curly brackets).  Please bear in mind that these are only some of
many folkloristic traditions.  I will not discuss traditions such as
those of witches and werewolves, unless there is strong demand for this
among our subscribers.  I assume that, even though I will write the
following in the present tense, since the book was written much of this
cultural heritage has been forgotten among ordinary people.

It would be interesting to see if and how these folkloristic traditions
exist in other Lowlands areas.

Enjoy!

Reinhard/Ron

***

Aquatic Creatures:

Especially inland bodies of water are believed to be inhabited by
aquatic folks.  Females are known as _Waterjunfern_ ~ _Waterjumfern_
{_Junfer_ ~ _Jumfer_ 'young woman', 'virgin'} or _Watermöhmken_ {"water
aunties/women"} for whom water lilies (_Mümmeln_ or _Mümmelken(s)_)
bloom.  {In some Low Saxon dialects, _Waterjumfer_ also means
'dragonfly'.}  Throwing flat stones across water to make them skip is
called _'n(e) Waterjumfer smieten_ {"to throw a _Waterjumfer_}.  A male
human-like creature inhabiting inland waters is known as _Hakenkerel_ ~
_Hakenkeerl_ {"hook fellow"}, _Hakenmann_ {"hook man"} or _Brunnemann_
{"well man"}.  He tends to be evil and seductive, pulling or luring
individuals into his realm of the water's depth.  {This is very much the
same in West Slavic folklore of Eastern Germany, e.g., the
Sorbian/Lusatian _wódny muz^_ "water man," similar also to the _Nix_ or
_Wassermann_ in German folklore.}  A spirit of the open sea is the
_Klabautermann_ {whose name comes in many different forms, for instance
_Klabauter_ or _Klabater_ or even _Krabater_}.  Mostly, he is the
benevolent, protective spirit of a seagoing vessel  He may warn the crew
of danger.  A counting verse from Veerlannen/Vierlande {now a part of
Hamburg}:

   Daar in 't groot Water,
   Daar huult 'n Klabader.
   Wer 'n Klabader huuln höört,
   De wull bald sien Schipp verleert.
   Een, twee, dree.
   Spring uut de Ree!

{  Out on the ocean
   A _klabader_ is wailing.
   He who hears a _klabader_ wail
   Will soon lose his ship.
   One, two, three.
   Jump out of line!}

Subterranean Creatures:

There are traditions in which giants are featured, but dwarves dominate
among mythological subterranean creatures that occasionally come up to
visit the world of people.  {They are called _Dwargen_ ['dva:g=N], sg.
_Dwarg_ [dva:x], _Quargen_ ['kva:g=N], sg. _Quarg_ [kva:x], or
_Ünnereerdsche_ ['Yn3,E.I3tSe] "subterraneans" in most dialects.}  They
live in subterranean caves or in mines, where they guard their
treasures.  In the Southern Hanover area {where Eastphalian dialects are
spoken}, they are known as _Männeken_ 'little man/men', also as _swarte
Männeken_ {"black little man/men"} or _fale Männeken_ {"pale little
man/men"}.  They may be evil or benevolent.  Their evil doing accounts
for failures in bread baking and beer brewing, so poorly baked bread is
known as _Quargesback_ {"dwarf's baking"}, and poorly brewed beer is
known as _Quargesbru_ {"dwarf's brew"}.  Evil dwarves like to abduct
people's newborn children, especially those that have not yet been
baptized, putting in the place of a baby a _Wesselbalg_ {['vEs=l,ba.lx]
'changeling'), a misshapen dwarf's child with a large head.  This is why
a light has to continually burn next to a woman and her newborn child
until the time of baptism, ideally no more than three days after birth.
{Connected with this are many dwarf traditions in German-speaking areas,
also with traditions in Germany's originally Slavic-speaking areas, such
as the Sorbian tradition of the _lutki_ "little people," sg. _lutk_,
that constitute a tribe of their own and may collaborate or compete with
human communities, one of their idiosyncrasies being a language that
abounds with negative forms.}

Domestic Creatures:

There are other types of dwarves, namely goblins that live in people's
homes, mostly in hidden nooks and crannies or on roof rafters.  They
tend to be helpful, assist in chores and may even help to bring
happiness and wealth to a household.  Related to these appear to be the
_Alrüneken_ {cf. German _Alraunen_ 'mandrakes'} which, although they
tend not to live in people's homes, can bring wealth, usually by way of
chimneys.  {Any connection with the pre-Christian roots of the
Sinterklaas/Santa Claus tradition?}

Demons:

Pre-Christian demon beliefs appear to continue in numerous devil story
traditions.  The devil is known by numerous names {usually replacing the
frequently tabooized name _Düvel_}, such as _Füerdrake_ {"fire dragon"},
_Gluuswans_ {"Glowing Tail"} or _Teckelmucker_ {?}.  He flies through
the air, and a shooting star appears whenever he visits a witch.  He
likes to tempt people and will occasionally throw things through
chimneys into houses, sometimes bad things and sometimes nice gifts such
as food or money.  It is customary to say {in Eastphalian} _Teckelmucker
het wat ebrocht_ {"Teckelmucker has brought something"} if something
unexpected is found in the house.  If anyone sees the devil fly he or
she ought to call out _Halfpart!_ {"Half part!"} to make the devil throw
half his loot down to him or her.  {There seems to be a connection
between this and the Sorbian, i.e. West Slavic, tradition of the
tempting, often helpful dragon (_zmij_) that commutes by way of
chimneys.}

Spirits:

Human souls, either of the dead or of the sleeping and dreaming, appear
as smoke, wind, snakes, mice or toads.  The restless spirits of the
departed, for instance of people who committed suicide, are condemned to
haunting, _wallen gahn_ {or _ümgahn_ "to go around"}.  Souls of farmers
who cheated in their lifetimes, such as having moved boundary markers in
their own favor, will appear as fiery ghosts known as _Stakenklopper_
{"stake hammerer(s)"} or _Landmeter_ {"land measurer(s)"}, haunting the
fields while holding glowing stakes or chains in sultry summer nights.
This tradition tends to be connected with that of the will-o'-the-whisp
or jack-o'-lantern, which is often believed to be a dead person's
haunting soul.  In the Southern Hanover area it is known as _Anneken med
der Lüchten_ {"Annie with the light"}.  {_Spööklicht_ "spook light"
tends to be the name in other dialects.  There are similar traditions in
German-speaking areas (_Irrlicht_) and in Slavic-based traditions of
Eastern Germany, surviving in the Sorbian tradition of the
_błudnička_.}

The _Korenmoimeke_ {Eastphalian, elsewhere _Kornmöhm(e)_ "corn/grain
aunt/woman"} or _Korenwief_ {Eastphalian, elsewhere _Kornwief_
"corn/grain woman"}, in some areas the _Arftenwief_ {"pea woman"},
usually a white-haired hag wearing tattered clothes, is a spirit that
inhabits fields or gardens and will abduct children that stray too far
off while playing or picking flowers.  {This is related to the German
tradition of the _Kornmuhme_ or _Roggenmuhme_, also to the Sorbian
tradition of the _Připołdnica_ "midday woman," a woman in white who
kills people that work in fields in the blistering sun, unless they
manage to answer her riddles or tell her tales within a given amount of
time.}

</quote>

On another occasion (LL-L "Folklore" 2002.08.19 (05) [E/LS]):

<quote>

From: R. F. Hahn <sassisch at yahoo.com>
Subject: Folklore

Dear Lowlanders,

This is "Folklore" with an "Etymology" crossover.

We have been discussing the scary "bogey(man)", "bogle(man)', "bugbear",
etc.  I checked out various etymological sources.  Here and there they
would lead to "origin unknown."  In summary, however, it appears
possible that there is a Celtic link, possibly with roots going back
even farther.

It seems possible to trace these words back to *_bog_ ~ *_bug_, -- yes,
including "bug" (as in "creepy-crawly" or "insect" = "scary creature",
cf. Scots _bug_ ~ _bog_ for 'bug') and also "boggle" (as in "to
frighten"), apparently "dialectal of _bogle_", "bogy", "bogey" and
"bogle" being diminutive forms of *_bog_.  (What about "bug-eyed"?)

In this connection, _Chambers English Dictionary_ points out obsolete
Welsh _bwg_ for a type of demon, and Partridge points out the tradition
of the German _Puck_ demon.  I believe this _Puck_ -- a house troll that
inhabits the dark areas between the eaves and the roof of old-time
houses, thus similar to the Scottish _brownie_ -- is a Southern German
figure, and the Southern German dialect area has Celtic roots.  This
Puck seems to be known in the British Isles also, being featured in
Rudyard Kiplings _Puck of Pook's Hill_ as well as in Shakespeare's _A
Midsummer Night's Dream_.

<quote>
*Robin Goodfellow* A "drudging fiend," and merry domestic fairy, famous
for mischievous pranks and practical jokes. At night-time he will
sometimes do little services for the family over which he presides. The
Scotch call this domestic spirit a _brownie_; the Germans, _kobold_ or
_Knecht Ruprecht_. The Scandinavians called it _Nissë God-dreng_. Puck,
the jester of Fairy-court, is the same.
   "Either I mistake your shape and making quite,
   Or else you are that shrewd and knavish sprite
   Called Robin Goodfellow. ...
   Those that Hob-goblin call you, and sweet Puck
   You do their work, and they shall have good luck."
       Shakespeare: _Midsummer Night's Dream_, ii. 1
</quote>
http://kenji.cnu.ac.kr/my/references/phrase/data/1061.html

<quote>
HOBGOBLIN
# 701: The word Goblin means a spirit, probably derived from the same
root as Kobold, a spirit of caves and mountains. A hobgoblin, however,
was a spirit of the hearth (hob), a domestic ghost or ancestral guardian
of the family fireside. Because of the primitive practice of burying
family dead under the treshold or under the central firepit, their
ghosts were long supposed to inhabit and protect the house - even when
later customs made burial places elsewhere. # 100: Used by the Puritans
and in later times for wicked goblin spirits, as in Bunyan's 'Hobgoblin
nor foul fiend', but its more correct use is for the friendly spirits of
the Brownie type. In a MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM a fairy says to
Shakespeare's Puck:
   'Those that Hobgoblin call you, and sweet Puck,
   You do their work, and they shall have good luck:
   Are you not he?'
and obviously Puck would not wish to be called a hobgoblin if that was
an ill-omened word. 'Hob' and 'Lob' are words meaning tha same kind of
creature as the Hobgoblin. They are, on the hole, goodhumoured and ready
to be helpful, but fond of practical joking, and like most of the
fairies rather nasty people to annoy. # 100 - 593 - 701 p 259
</quote>
http://celt.net/Celtic/celtopedia/h.html

<quote>
Bogey
The Bogey-man was a devil derived from the Slavic _bog_, "god." English
cognates were bugabow, bugaboo, bugbear and boggle-bo which used to
designate the pagan image carried in a procession to the May Day games.
(see Maypole) "Humbug" came from the Norse hum, "night," plus bog or
bogey, i. e., a night spirit. The word "bug," from the Welsh _bwg_,
"spirit," was applied to insects because of the old belief that insects
were souls in search of rebirth. A mantis was a soul of the seer or
wizard. A butterfly was Psyche, or a Female Soul.
Other derivations of bog were Scotish _bogle_, Yorkshire _boggart_,
English Pug, Pouke and Puck; Icelandic _Puki_; the _Puk_ of Friesland;
the German _Putz_ or _Butz_; Irisk _Pooka_ and Welsh _Pwcca_; Danish
_Spoge_ and Swedish _Spoka_ with their English offshoot of "spook." The
old English _puca_, a fairy, was applied to the old gods of Beltain. So
Puck was the same as the witches' god Robin. A.G.H.
</quote>
http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/b/bogey.html

Note: German _Putz_ = _Butzemann_?

<quote>
BWCA
(booka) A story collected by John Rhys in CELTIC FOLK LORE shows how
close the connection can be between the Brownie and Boggart, or the
_Bwca_ and _Bugan_. Long ago a Monmouthshire farm was haunted by a
spirit of whom everyone was afraid until a young maid came, merry and
strong and reputed to be of the stock of the Bendith y Mamau, and she
struck up a great friendship with the creature, who turned out to be a
_bwca_, who washed, ironed and spun for her and did all manner of
household work in return for a nightly bowl of sweet milk and wheat
bread or flummery. This was left at the bottom of the stairs every night
and was gone in the morning; but she never saw him, for all his work was
done at night. One evening for sheer wantonness she put some of the
stale urine used for a mordant in his bowl instead of milk. She had
reason to regret it, for when she got up next morning the bwca attacked
her and kicked her all over the house, yelling: 'The idea that the
thick-buttocked lass, should give barley-bread and piss, to the bogle!'
After that she never saw him again, but after two years they heard of
him at a farm near Hafod ys Ynys, where he soon made great friends with
the servant girl, who fed him most delicately with constant snacks of
bread and milk and played no unseemly pranks on him. She had one fault,
however, and that was curiosity. She kept on asking to be allowed to see
him and to be told his name - without succes. One night, however, she
made him believe that she was going out after the men, and shut the
door, but stayed inside herself. Bwca was spinning industriously at the
wheel, and as he span he sang: 'How she would laugh, did she know that
Gwarwyn-A-Throt is my name.' 'Aha!' cried the maid, at the bottom of the
stairs, 'now I have your name, Gwarwyn-a-Throt!' At which he left the
wheel standing, and she never saw him again.
   He went to a neighbouring farm, where the farm-hand, Moses, became
his great friend. All would have gone well with poor Gwarwyn-a-Throt but
that his friend Moses was sent off to fight Richard Crookback and was
killed at Bosworth Field. After the loss of this friend the poor _bwca_
went completely to the bad and spent all his time in senseless pranks,
drawing the ploughing oxen out of the straight and throwing everything
in the house about at night-time. At length he became so destructive
that the farmer called in a Dyn Cynnil (wise man) to lay him. He
succeeded in getting the _bwca_ to stick his long nose out of the hole
where he was hiding, and at once transfixed it with an awl. Then he read
an incantation sentencing the _bwca_ to be transported to the Red Sea
for fourteen generations. He raised a great whirlwind, and, as it began
to blow, plucked out the awl so that the poor _bwca_ had changed his
shape with his nature, for brownies were generally noseless, and he was
nicknamed in this farm 'Bwca'r Trwyn', 'the Bwca with the Nose'.
</quote>
http://www.ealaghol.demon.co.uk/celtenc/celt_b4b.htm

<quote>
One common one causing fright or dread was called in Yorkshire the
_boggart_, in Scotland the _bogle_, and in England the bogey or
bogeyman. These words are all related, the oldest of them being _bogle_
and the most recent bogy. This last form only appeared in the nineteenth
century, along with _bugan_, as in the obsolete expression to play the
_bugan_, 'to play the devil with'. It's thought that the root Celtic,
perhaps cognate with the Welsh _bwgwl_, 'terror, terrifying'. Our verb
boggle was originally applied to a horse being startled as at a _bogle_.
The Welsh root word _bwg_ gave rise to the long-obsolete word bug for a
hobgoblin, which now survives only in bugbear, a dreadful bearlike
apparition that ate naughty children, a more terrifying idea than the
modern weakened sense of something merely vexatious or annoying. Another
closely related word is bugaboo. Possibly also related is the
_barghest_, a goblin which appeared in the form of a large, black dog
and which portended doom; the _barghest_ was given many particular names
locally in Britain, including the Demon of Tidworth, the Black Dog of
Winchester and the Padfoot of Wakefield. The banshee (from the Irish
_bean sídhe_, 'woman of the fairy hill') was a spirit reputed to wail
under the windows of a house where someone was about to die.
   The _brownie_ was of a quite different type. In Scottish folklore,
this was a small, industrious fairy or hobgoblin believed to inhabit
houses and barns and who did good by stealth at night provided you fed
him bread and milk. This term has survived much better in American
English than in British. Larry Niven's use of it to name little
industrious and helpful alien creatures in _The Mote in God's Eye_ must
have puzzled many English readers, who mostly know Brownies as clubs of
brown-uniformed girls who are the junior wing of the Girl Guides (Girl
Scouts to you in the US). In England the hobgoblin was as helpful a
sprite as the brownie and was also known as _Robin Goodfellow_ or
_Puck_. The last name was also spelled _pook_ and in earlier times was
regarded as a name for the devil. The _hob_ part of hobgoblin was a
familiar form of Robin or Robert and became a standard name for a rustic
person or a clown, though _Old Hob_ or _Old Hodge_ were also names for
the devil. Other names for this mother's little helper were _lubber
fiend_ and _Lob-lie-by-the-fire_, where _lob_ is another name for a
clown or a rustic.
</quote>
http://www.quinion.com/words/articles/bump.htm

Anyway, some of you might like to sink their teeth into this small
selection of morsels.

</quote>

Regards,
Reinhard/Ron

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