LL-L "Identity" 2004.07.22 (09) [E]

Thu Jul 22 23:27:34 UTC 2004

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A=Afrikaans Ap=Appalachian B=Brabantish D=Dutch E=English F=Frisian
L=Limburgish LS=Lowlands Saxon (Low German) N=Northumbrian
S=Scots Sh=Shetlandic V=(West)Flemish Z=Zeelandic (Zeêuws)
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From: R. F. Hahn <sassisch at yahoo.com>
Subject: Identity

Folks,

I've collected a few Middle English ethnonyms of the Lowlands along with
"telling" quotes.  I think material like this can tell us quite a bit about
a time when ethnic groups and countries were not seen in the way they are
nowadays.

Enjoy, and think about it!
Reinhard/Ron

***

LOWLANDS ETHNONYMS IN MIDDLE ENGLISH
(Middle English Dictionary: http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/m/med/)

BRABANT:
Brabān (n.), also Barbain
   A person of Brabant
   A surname
   ___ cloth (a kind of linen made in Brabant)

Select quotes:
"A Braban brwed þat bale." [1425]
"For xij ellys of braban cloth for awbys & amysses." [1446]
"He went to Roome with Flemynges and Barbayns." [1543]

***

FLEMING:
Flēming (n.), also Flæming (early), Flemming, Flameng (surname)
   (1) Inhabitant of Flanders or most Low-Franconian-speaking areas
   (2) Pedlar [Competition in trade colored the Englishman's view of the
Flemmings
   from the 14. cent. on; see esp. quots. 1390, a1450, a1500.]
   (3) A surname

Select quotes:
"Þe Flemmynges þat woneþ in þe weste side of Wales haueþ ileft her straunge
speche and spekeþ Saxonliche inow." [1387]
"Certes, he Iaake Straw and his meynee ne made neuere shoutes half so
shrille, Whan that they wolden any Flemyng kille, As thilke day was maad vp
on the fox." [1390]
"And many fflemmynges loste here heedes at that tyme." [1435]
"Alle maner alienes and strangers, as wel Frensshmen and Picardes as
Flemmynges." [1436]
"But ye Flemmyngis, yf ye be not wrothe, The grete substaunce of youre
cloothe..ye make hit of oure Englissh wolle." [1450-1500]
What hath thenne Flaundres, be Flemmynges leffe or lothe, But a lytell
madere and Flemmyshe cloothe? [1450-1500]
"He was a Flemynge born in Flaundrys." [1460]
"Þys lond was full of Flemyngys and so ouersette wyth hom, þat a man myght
not goo bytwyx townes for hom vnrobbet." [1500]

***

GERMAN/DUTCH(/CONTINENTAL SAXON):
Dūch (adj. & n.), also duche, deuch(e, dusche.
   German; also, Dutch
   ___ tonge, the German language; also, any of the non-Scandinavian
continental
   Germanic languages; (a) the German language; also, Dutch, Low German,
etc.;

   heigher ___, High German; louer ___, Low German
   surname.

Select quotes:
"Edward..gat..Edgar Adelynge..Þis word Adelyng is compownede in Duche and in
Saxon [Higd.(2): after the langage of Saxons; L Saxonice] of Adel..and
lyng." [1387]
"Þe kayser Lowis of Bauere..And..Princes and pople [of Brabant]..Al þat spac
with Duche tung." [1425]
"Than leuyd stille..sche þat was hys wife, a Dewche woman." [1438]
"A man whech cowd neiþyr wel wryten Englysch ne Duch." [1438]
"Ther saugh I..Pipers of the Duche tonge." [1450]
"Þe booke..was neiþyr good Englysch ne Dewch." [1483]
"In Duche, a rudder is a knyght." [1500] {LS/Dutch _ridder_, G _Ritter_
'knight' – RFH}
"The Northe est Contrey..whiche lond spekyn all maner Duche tonge, hyer
Dowche and lower Duche." [1500]

***

DUTCH:
Holander or Hollander
   A person of Holland

Select quotes:
"The town of Gaund have graunted hym xv ml. men..and beth redy at alle oures
at his comaundement, wythoute Hollanders, Zelanders, Brabanders."
[1435-1436]
"Þe some of x li. wich þe said William surmytteth of his godes to be
deliuered by the said Ric to an holander." [1440]
"To enquere who were takers of any of þe Hollanders & Zellanders goodes."
[1443]

***

Frīse (n.(1)), also Frisia, Frisie, Fres(e).
   Frisia [in some quots. confused with Phrygia]

Select quotes:
"Frisia [L Frisia, Frigia] is a lond vppon þe clyue of þe west occean, and
bygynneþ in þe souþ side from þe Ryne, and endeþ at þe see of Denmark."
[1387]
"Frisia is a prouynce in þe neþer ende of Germania." [1398]
"Þe Ryne..streccheþ to Braban þat is ny3e to ffrigia [Tol: frigia; L frisie]
in þe souþe syde." [1398]
"Þe kyngdames he schuld lese Both of Saxon and Sueue, Teutonie and Frese."
[1440]
"The were lever to be take in Frise [rime: suffyse] Than eft to falle of
weddynge in the trappe." [1450]
"By tempestes of the sea he was putte into Frisia." [1475]

Frīslōnd (n.), also Frisland, Frēselaund
   Frisia

Select quotes:
"Of Gutlonde ich wulle leden ten þuseond of þan leoden and of Frislonde fif
þusend monnen." [1275]
"A marchaunde of Fryslande." [1306]

***

NORTHUMBRIA:
North-humbre (n.), also northumbre & (error) norþhober
   Northumbria, people of Northumbria

Select quotes:
"Voure kinges hii made þo in þis kinedom, Þe king of westsex and of kent, &
of norþhober þe þridde, & þe kyng of þe march þat was here amidde." [1325"
"Al þe longage of þe Norþhumbres [Higd.(2): men of Northumbrelonde; L
Northimbrorum], and specialliche at 3ork, is so scharp, slitting, and
frotynge and vnschape, þat we souþerne men may þat longage vnneþe
vnderstonde." [1387]

***

SAXON:
Saxon (n.), also saxone, saxson, saxoun, saxun, -(i)an, -oin(e, sexon, -un &
saison, sa(i)sne, sesso(u)n, -oine, sesoigne.
   member of the Germanic tribe that invaded, conquered, and settled in
England, a Saxon; (b) *est (south) saxones*, people from the kingdom of the
East (South) Saxons; *west ___*, q.v.
   (a) The language of the Saxons; (b) the English language.
   (a) The land inhabited by the Saxons on the Continent; Saxony; (b) *est
(south, west) __*, the kingdom or area of the East (South, West) Saxons in
England [see also *West Saxon* n.].
   As adj.: of or belonging to the Saxons; *___ speche (tonge)*, the English
language.
   Surname

Select quotes:
"Men of Saxonia woneþ toward þe norþ endes of occean..and hatte Saxones of
saxum, þat is, a stoon." [1387]
"Kyng Alredes turned alle in fere out of Latyn in to Saxon speche." [1387]
"Walsch Men beþ Bretouns of kynde..Englysch men beþ Saxoynes." [1425]
"Þe walsch man Breton Seyþ & clepeþ vs Sayson." [1425]
"Mochel peple thei Slowen..of þe hethene oþer sesoignes." [1450]
"There comme to Ynglonde or Briteyne thre my3hty peple of Germany, as
Saxons, Englische men, and Iutes." [1475]
"We haue herde the trouthe that the sasnes [F li sesne] of the kyn of
Aungier, of Saxoyne, be entred in-to oure londes and in-to oure heritages."
[1500]
"He [Woden] was dryghtyn, derrest of ydols praysid, And þe solempnest of his
sacrifices in Saxon londes." [1500]

***

SCOT:
Scot (n.(1)), also scotte, scote, skot(te, schot(te & (in names) sckot,
scod(e-, schote, scos-, sceot, shot(t)es-, sot(t)es-, stodes-, settes-,
chettes-; pl. scottes, etc. & (chiefly early, gen.) scottene, (early gen.)
scotten, scotta, scotte & (?error) sottes.
   inhabitant of Scotland; a native Scot; a Scottish soldier; -- sometimes
used
   anachronisticall
   ___ lede, Scotland, the Scots
   ___ riveling, a derogatory nickname for a Scot
   ___ thede, kingdom (land, reaume) of scottes, Scotland
   ___ wade (water), the Firth of Forth
   ___ wath, the Solway Firth
   scottes king, king (prince) of scottes, the king of Scotland or of the
Scots
   langage of scottes, Gaelic
   tame ___, a Lowland Scot
   wilde ___, a Gaelic-speaking inhabitant of north or west Scotland, a
Highland Scot;
   (c) as a term of abuse; (d) Scotland; -- also pl.; (e) an inhabitant of
Ireland; also,
   a person, orig. Irish, who came to and settled in Scotland
   ___ of ir-lond, irish ___, peple of scottes; (f) mistransl. of OF sot
fool;
   (g) in surnames; (h) in place names

Select quotes:
"Heo hæfden..of Yrlonde Gillemaur þene stronge, of Scottene heo hafden alle
þa hæhsten & of Galeweoðe gumen swiðe kene." [1275]
"Þe king [Arthur] was toward scottlond & awreke him he þo3te Of scottes & of
picars þat euere euele him wro3te." [1325]
"When a scot ne may hym hude ase hare in forme þat þe englysshe ne shal hym
fynde." [1325]
"Scottes [L Scoti] beeþ i-cleped as it were Scites, for he com out of
Scythia." [1387]
"Alla, kyng of al Northumberlond..was ful wys and worthy of his hond Agayn
the Scottes." [1390]
"Now in Brytayne..fyue naciouns woneþ þerynne; þat beeþ Scottes in Albania,
þat is, Scotlond, Britouns in Cambria, þat is, Wales..Flemmynges..Normans,
and Englischemen." [1387]
"Schame bityde þe Skottes, for þai er full of gile." [1425]
"Hairy Scot [L Scotte], footed with a boot, wast thou not at the wrestlyng
in þe cruk on þe mowne?" [1450]
"Then mett hur..dyverce othir nacions, as Esterlynges, Espaynnardes, Lucans,
and Scottes; and all were on horsebacke savyng the Scottes, which were all
on fote." [1468]
"The water of Twide..departethe now of the este parte Englische men from
Scottes." [1475]
"He..lete calle þe toune Berwik vp Twede, and þere þai duellede..þai went
ouere þe see into Irland and brou3t with ham Wymmen..but þe men couþe nou3t
vnderstonde þe langage ne þe speche of þe wymmen, neyþer þe wymmen of þe
men, and þerefore þai speken to-gederes as scottes [F sootz]." [1400]

***

ZEELAND:
Sēland (n.), also selande, selond(e, selan, selandia & zel(l)and
   The county of Zealand in the Netherlands
   ___ cloth 'a kind of cloth made in Zealand'
   Title of a herald

Select quotes:
"In eiþer Germania beeþ..Lothoringia, Frisia, Selandia." [1387]
"His wyf and his children..he lefte hem at Andwerp in Selond [L Selandia]."
[1387]
"Selonde [L Selandia] is an londe by þe see syde." [1398]
"She..com in to a tovne of her owne in to Seland [LCCleo. 129: Selan] that
ys cleped Seryze." [1435]
"A commission..to comune & trete &c. with þe commissairs of Holland &
Zelland." [1443]
"I have her at this tyme all the cheff schyppys of Duchelond, Holond,
Selond, and Flaundrys." [1449]
"Wee in Braban bye, Flaundres and Seland, more of marchaundy..then done all
other nacions..The marchaundry of Brabane and Selande Be madre and woade."
[1450-1500]
"Allso in that yere whas cryed pees betwixt Englond and Selond, holond, and
ffreslond perpetuell." [1450]
"Item, j pece of Seland clothe, with dyvers sealys at the endys." [1459]

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