Bipartite structure

[Koontz John E]

On Thu, 10 Jan 2002 Rgraczyk at aol.com wrote:
> Re the discussion on Siouan instrumentals:  In Crow and Hidatsa, there is no
> inner/outer opposition--all the instrumentals are 'inner'.  As far as I can
> tell, the same is true in Mandan and in Southeastern Siouan.  Biloxi appears
> to have lost the instrumentals that would be outer in other languages, but
> there is evidence from Tutelo in Oliverio's grammar that indicates that all
> the instrumentals are inner.

> Question: is it possible that the inner/outer opposition is an innovation in
> Mississippi Valley languages?


Bob's explanation of *Wo- 'by shooting' < *wa-?o# makes sense to me, and
it the form is literally 'shoot(ing) something', that would explain its
outer morphosyntax naturally, and suggest that it was original.

Einaudi cites putcpi 'to miss in trying to hit' for Biloxi.  However, this
pu is has a u-breve, Dorsey's u-circumflex, representing schwa, or,
apparently, an /a/, so this is probably /pa-/.  It seems to be inflected
the same way:  First person aNk-, second person i-.

I'm not sure that the *WaN- 'with a blade, by cutting' is actually
nasalized.  It's just ma= (not maN=) in OP, and pa= in Osage.  It's just
wa= in Teton.  If this has the same structure as 'by shooting', the
underlying stem formation would be something like *wa-?a#, but I don't
know of an example of the root *?a, which would presumably be inflected
*pa, *s^a, *(?)a or some regularized variant of that.

Einaudi didn't notice the *aRa- 'by heat' instrumental in Biloxi, but I
think the examples Bob has in mind are hidden under ade' 'to blaze or
burn', e.g., ada'tctka=...ye 'to scorch any object', at.axni' 'to be
burnt'.  The inflection of this verb is interesting:  1st yaNk-ataxni...,
2nd a-yi-taxni... (or i-aNk-ataxni..., ay-itaxni...?).  It's conceivable
that the instrumental actually is related to the independent verb.

===

I've been meaning to provide the data to show that the 'spontaneous', 'by
heat' and 'by foot' forms are divided three ways.

Teton (cf. Buechel dictionary examples, also Boas & Deloria pp. 45, 82)

'by foot or leg', also 'by inner force' (including 'by boiling, by
heating, etc.')

1 na=wa'-
2 na=ya'-
3 na=CV'
? 12 na=uN'-

But, with the inner force reading, must be stative:

1 na=ma'-  (however, I've noticed ma-nagnaNke 'I twitch')
? 2 na=ni'-
3 na=CV-
? 12 na=uN-

Omaha-Ponca (cf. Boas & Santon, Dorsey texts)

'by foot'

1 a-naN'-
2 dha-naN-
3 naN-CV'
12 aN-naN'-

'by heat' (including various more spontaneous readings)

1 na'=aN-
2 na'=dhi-
3 na'=
12 na'=wa-

Winnebago (Lipkind pp. 18, 20, 21, Miner)

naNaN= 'by use of the foot'
naNaN= 'An obsolescent prefix naN- is still sometimes used when the
meaning is very forcibly "of its own accord."'

1 naNaN'= (naNaN=a'-)   naN'aN=?V (naNaN=a'-?V)
2 naNaN=na'-            naNnaN=s^-V'-
3 naNaN=CV'             naNaN=?V'
12 ???                  ???

daa= 'by fire, with heat' (d written t conventionally by Lipkind and
Miner)

1 da'a= (daa=a'-)  or da=i-  (Active or stative depending on the stem)
? 2 daa=ra- or daa=ri'-
3 daa=CV'
12 ???