Russia: Daghestan Scholars Sound Alarm For Indigenous Languages (fwd)

Mon Aug 20 16:56:32 UTC 2007

Monday, August 20, 2007

Russia: Daghestan Scholars Sound Alarm For Indigenous Languages

By Liz Fuller
http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/08/dc81f4cf-0387-414c-9210-61a789a140ff.html

[photo inset - A folk festival in Makhachkala in 2005 (TASS)]

August 20, 2007 (RFE/RL) -- Participants at a recent roundtable discussion
in Makhachkala expressed concern that Russian is fast becoming the sole
state language in Daghestan, even though the republic's constitution ranks
Russian equal with the languages of 13 other nationalities. They called on
President Mukhu Aliyev to take urgent measures to reverse the ongoing
decline of smaller languages, some of which they fear may otherwise become
extinct within 10-15 years.

Unique among Russia's 85 federation subjects, Daghestan has no fewer than 14
titular nationalities (Avars, Aghuls, Azerbaijanis, Dargins, Kumyks, Laks,
Lezgins, Nogais, Rutuls, Tabasarans, Tats, Tsakhurs, Chechens, and
Russians), all of whose languages are designated in the constitution as
state languages.

Given that these languages are all not mutually comprehensible or even
inter-related, it is Russian, which is taught even at kindergarten level,
that serves as the vehicle of communication between members of different
ethnic groups.

The director of a school in the village of Andikh in Shamil Raion in
west-central Daghestan, told RFE/RL that his school cannot buy new
textbooks for students in 10th and 11th grades, and that teachers comb
villages in the hope of buying old ones.

True, during the Soviet period, most of the titular languages -- Avar,
Azeri, Dargin, Kumyk, Lak, Lezgin, Nogai, and Tat -- were taught in schools
alongside Russian. And according to the British scholar Robert Chenciner, in
the 1990s it was decided to create written languages for, and begin the
formal teaching in schools of Rutul, Aghul, and Tsakhur (all of which
belong to the Lezgin group of languages), even though according to the 2002
Russian Federation census those three ethnic groups each accounted for less
than 1 percent of the republic's population, numbering 24,298, 23,324 and
8,168 people, respectively.

Soviet Legacy

The Soviet Union took a dual and even contradictory approach to the teaching
of minority languages, promoting the creation of literary languages for
small ethnic groups, and encouraging writers who chose to use their native
language, however obscure, as part of the broader ideology of Friendship of
Peoples.

But at the same time, the Soviet leadership relentlessly implemented a
policy of requiring non-Russians to become fluent in Russian, to the point
that mastery of the Russian language became the key to career advancement.

For that reason, many parents opted to enroll their children in schools
where Russian, rather than their native language, was the language of
instruction. Yet whether as a result of the emphasis on preserving minority
languages, or as a conscious statement of national identity, many
non-Russians still identified the language of their nationality as their
native language.

Data from the 1979 Soviet census show that more than 90 percent of
Daghestan's 10 largest indigenous native groups designated the language of
that ethnic group as their native language. By contrast, the percentage for
the native peoples of Siberia and the Far East averaged 61 percent, and for
some of those small ethnic groups it was as low as 30 percent.

No Money For Books

The collapse of the Soviet system demolished the ideological rationale and
the hothouse conditions, including generous state subsidies, that existed
for encouraging the use and teaching of small languages. At the same time,
a knowledge of Russian as lingua franca remained crucial, especially within
a multiethnic society such as Daghestan, where, in addition, unemployment is
high and competition for jobs intense.

Moreover, Daghestan's government, which as of 2005 depended on subsidies
from Moscow for 80 percent of its budget, was forced to revise spending
priorities, with education getting short shrift. This has led to chronic
shortages of school textbooks in languages other than Russian.

Even the language of Daghestan's largest ethnic group, the Avars (who
numbered 758,438 people in 2002, or 29.4 percent of the republic's
population), is under threat, and has been for some time.

In 2002, a language teacher in Kaspiisk told RFE/RL's North Caucasus Service
that several factors were contributing to the decline in the use of Avar: a
lack of qualified teachers and up-to-date textbooks (not all schools had an
adequate number of textbooks, and the limited number available were up to 20
years old); the lack of an up-to-date Avar-Russian dictionary; and,
crucially, lack of interest among school students in studying their own
native language. Some wealthy businesspeople sponsored the publication of
language textbooks, but those textbooks were not always approved by and
coordinated with the republic's Pedagogical Institute.

The situation does not seem to have improved greatly over the past five
years. In 2003, a new Avar-Russian dictionary was published, the first for
over 50 years, but native speakers say it is not of outstanding quality,
and the print run was only 3,000 copies.

And the problem of school textbooks remains acute. Magomed Gazaliyev, the
director of a school in the village of Andikh in Shamil Raion in
west-central Daghestan, told RFE/RL's North Caucasus Service in July that
his school cannot buy new textbooks for students in 10th and 11th grades,
and that teachers comb villages in the hope of buying old ones.

"We have been without books for more than 10 years," he said.

Gazaliyev said the republican Education Ministry claims it does not have
sufficient funds to finance the publication of a new series of textbooks.
He said the ministry is apparently hoping that a private sponsor might be
found.

Study Time Reduced

Gazaliyev further complained that the number of hours devoted to the study
of Avar in schools is being reduced, but did not specify how drastically.
In rural schools, instruction in all subjects is in Avar for the first four
grades. From fifth to ninth grade, instruction is in Russian, with two hours
per week devoted to the Avar language and two to Avar literature. In 10th
and 11th grades, two hours per week are devoted to the Avar language.

"They are reducing the time spent on teaching the native language and
literature and increasing the number of hours spent studying other subjects
at their expense," Gazaliyev told RFE/RL.

Radio and television broadcasting in languages other than Russian has also
been subjected to cuts. Republican television now broadcasts exclusively in
Russian, although there are still daily radio programs in the 13 other
titular languages, in addition to Russian. The number of hours broadcast is
directly proportional to the number of speakers of a given language, with
Avar and Dargin having the most and Tsakhur the least.

All these factors serve to undermine many Avars' commitment to their native
language. And the decline in the use of Avar is not confined to urban areas
with a multiethnic population, but extends to districts where the population
is almost exclusively Avar.

A correspondent for RFE/RL's North Caucasus Service recently quoted Bata
Aliyev, a resident of the village of Mesterukh in Akhvakh Raion, as saying
that with every year that passes, it becomes clearer that members of the
local Avar population are losing respect for their native language.

"The raion administration, the local education board, schools, and local
television are contributing to the gradual decline of the Avar language,
because the Russian language is used everywhere," Aliyev said. "Very little
time is devoted to the study of the Avar language in school."

The published summary of the July 12 roundtable discussion in Makhachkala
did not give any indication whether participants came to the conclusion
that some languages are in greater danger of becoming obsolescent than
others, and if so, which.

The participants said much of the blame for the decline of Daghestan's
indigenous languages lies with the Education Ministry. They characterized
many of the ministry's staff members as having no relevant expertise and
implied they are indifferent to the issue of teaching small languages

They contrasted the situation in Daghestan, where high-school students spend
a maximum of four hours per week studying their native language, literature,
and history, with that in Kabardino-Balkaria, where the comparable figure is
36 hours.

The roundtable participants appealed to Daghestan President Aliyev to take
urgent measures to reverse the decline in the use of small languages. But
even if the republic's leadership could secure funds for programs to
promote the study of Avar and other state languages, it could take years
before such programs yielded the desired effect.

(Magomedgadzhi Gasanov and Uma Isakova of RFE/RL's North Caucasus Service
contributed to this report.)