LL-L: "Grammar" LOWLANDS-L, 19.APR.2001 (02) [E]

[Lowlands-L]

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 L O W L A N D S - L * 19.APR.2001 (02) * ISSN 189-5582 * LCSN 96-4226
 Posting Address: <lowlands-l at listserv.linguistlist.org>
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 A=Afrikaans, Ap=Appalachean, D=Dutch, E=English, F=Frisian, L=Limburgish
 LS=Low Saxon (Low German), S=Scots, Sh=Shetlandic, Z=Zeelandic (Zeeuws)
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From: R. F. Hahn [sassisch at yahoo.com]
Subject: Grammar

Dear Lowlanders,

I am interested in verb pairs of the types listed below, where in general
standard or in "substandard" language varieties (wherever there *is* a
language-wide standard) only one of them is used to convey both meanings.
Specifically, I am interested in the spread of this phenomenon among the
Lowlands languages (with references to other Germanic varieties and, to a
lesser extent, to non-Germanic language varieties).  I am also interested in
finding out if there are any other such verb pairs in any Lowlands varieties.
Any other information and also theories concerning this type of phenomenon
would be appreciated also.  One or both of the verbs in a pair may have lexical
alternatives, but I am not all that interested in these, am only interested in
whether or not the "same" verb *may* express both meanings.

Thanks and regards.
Reinhard/Ron

***

(1) 'acquire knowledge/skill' vs 'cause to acquire knowledge/skill'

General Standard English:
_learn_ vs _teach_

"Substandard" English:
_learn_ vs _learn_

Scots (no general standard):
_lairn_ vs _lairn_

Low Saxon (Low German -- no general standard):
_le(h)ren_ [lE.I3n] vs _le(h)ren_ [lE.I3n]

General Standard Dutch:
_leren_ vs _leren_

General Standard Afrikaans:
_leer_ vs _leer_

cf.:

General Standard German:
_lernen_ vs _lehren_
("Substandard" *_lernen_ vs _lernen_?)

Yiddish (no general standard):
_lernen_ vs _lernen_

General Standard Danish:
_lære_ vs _lære_

General Standard Swedish:
_lära_ vs _lära_

General Standard Icelandic:
_læra_ vs _kenna_

***

(2) 'acquire on loan' vs 'provide on loan'

General Standard English:
_borrow_ vs _lend_

"Substandard" English:
_borrow (from)_ vs _borrow (to)_

Scots (no general standard):
_borrae_ vs _len_

Low Saxon (Low German -- no general standard):
_le(h)nen_ [lE.In:] vs _le(h)nen_ [lE.In:]
(some dialects: _borgen_ [bO3g=N] ~ _le(h)nen_ [lE.In:])

General Standard Dutch:
_lenen_ vs _lenen_
(also _borgen_ vs _lenen_)

General Standard Afrikaans:
_leen_ vs _leen_

cf.:

General Standard German:
_borgen_ vs _leihen_
(True or quasi standard _leihen_ vs _leihen_?)

"Substandard" German (e.g., Missingsch):
_leihen_ vs _leihen_
_borgen_ vs _borgen_

Yiddish (no general standard):
_layen_ vs _layen_
(also _borgn_ vs _layen_)

General Standard Danish:
_låne_ vs _låne_

General Standard Swedish:
_låna_ vs _låna_

General Standard Icelandic:
_lána_ vs _lána_

***

(3) 'be in a (prone) position' vs 'cause to be in a (prone) position'

General Standard English:
_lie_ vs _lay_

Actual or quasi American Standard English:
_lay_ vs _lay_
(Standardized avoidance of _lie_ due to the existence of _lie_ 'tell untruth'?)

Scots (no general standard):
_lig/lean_ vs _lay_

Low Saxon (Low German -- no general standard):
_liggen_ [lIg=N] vs _leggen_ [lEg=N]

General Standard Dutch:
_liggen_ vs _leggen_

General Standard Afrikaans:
_lê_ vs _lê_

cf.:

General Standard German:
_liegen_ vs _legen_

Yiddish (no general standard):
_lign_ vs _leygn_

General Standard Danish:
_ligge_ vs _lægge_

General Standard Swedish:
_ligga_ vs _lägga_

General Standard Icelandic:
_liggja_ vs _leggja_

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