LL-L "Etymology" 2004.07.20 (01) [E]

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A=Afrikaans Ap=Appalachian B=Brabantish D=Dutch E=English F=Frisian
L=Limburgish LS=Lowlands Saxon (Low German) N=Northumbrian
S=Scots Sh=Shetlandic V=(West)Flemish Z=Zeelandic (Zeêuws)
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From: David Barrow <davidab at telefonica.net.pe>
Subject: LL-L "Etymology" 2004.07.19 (07) [A/E/German]

>From: David Barrow <davidab at telefonica.net.pe>
>Subject: LL-L "Etymology" 2004.07.19 (05) [E]
>
>This from http://www.etymonline.com/
>
>rare (adj.2) - "undercooked," 1655, variant of M.E. rere, from O.E. hrer
>"lightly cooked," probably related to hreran "to stir, move." Originally
>of eggs, not recorded in reference to meat until 1784, and according to
>O.E.D., in this sense "formerly often regarded as an Americanism,
>although it was current in many English dialects ...."
>
>uproar - 1526, used as a loan-translation of Ger. Aufruhr or Du. oproer
>in Ger. and Du. Bibles (cf. Acts xxi:38), "outbreak of disorder, revolt,
>commotion," from Ger. auf "up" + ruhr "a stirring, motion." Meaning
>"noisy shouting" is first recorded 1544, probably by mistaken
>association with roar. First record of uproarious is from 1819.
>
>David Barrow
>
>-------------
>
>From: Kevin Caldwell <kcaldwell31 at comcast.net>
>Subject: LL-L "Etymology" 2004.07.19 (05) [E]
>
>>From: R. F. Hahn <sassisch at yahoo.com>
>>Subject: Etymology
>>
>>Thanks, Patrick or Cynthia (whichever of you sent this).
>>
>>>This seems semantically and phonetically to be a pretty good match to G.
>>>
>>ruehren.
>>
>>Indeed!  Note also German _Aufruhr_, Dutch and Afrikaans _oproer_ and
>>Lowlands Saxon (Low German) _uprour_ (<Uprohr>) ~ _oprour_ (<Oprohr>)
>>'uproar', 'revolt', 'rebellion'.  So it's a "stirring up."
>>
>>We might be dealing with coalescence in the case of English, the "roar" of
>>"uproar" alone being defunct ...
>
>What about the English verb "rear", meaning to raise or lift up (to rear
>children, to rear one's head) or, intransitively, to rise on the hind legs
>or to tower? The Amer. Heritage Dict. (2nd College ed.) traces it to OE
>"roeran", and it definitely carries the idea of motion.
>
rǽran  not roeran the ae ligature might look a bit like an oe ligature
as it does below when in italics

rear (v.) - O.E. rǽran"to raise, build up, set on end," from P.Gmc.
*raizijanau "to raise," causative of *risanan "to rise" (see raise).
Meaning "bring into being, bring up" (as a child) is recorded from
c.1420; that of "raise up on the hind legs" is first recorded 1375.

it is cognate with:

raise (v.) - c.1200, from O.N. reisa "to raise," from P.Gmc. *raizjan
(cf. Goth. ur-raisjan, O.E. rǽran "to rear," see rear (v.)), causative
of base *ris- "to rise" (see rise). At first sharing many senses with
native rear (v.). Used in most of the varied modern senses since M.E.;
some later evolutions include "to bring up" (a child), 1744; "to
elevate" (the consciousness), 1970. The noun is first recorded 1500 in
sense of "a levy;" meaning "increase in amount or value" is from 1728,
specific sense in poker is from 1821. Meaning "increase in salary or
wages" is from 1898, chiefly Amer.Eng. (British preferring rise).

the s (/z/) of rise/raise v the second 'r' of rear is due to rhotacism.
The same thing happened with 'was' and 'were'

There was once 'rear' /rE:r/ as variant spelling of rare above but not
to be confused with rear /rI:r/ just above.

David Barrow

----------

From: R. F. Hahn <lowlands-l at lowlands-l.net>
Subject: Etymology

Traces of this /r/~/z/ alternation can be found in the Low German group as
well; e.g., Lowlands Saxon _verleyren_ ~ _verleysen_ ~ _verlysen_
(<verleren> ~ <verlieren> ~ <verlesen> ~ <verliesen>) and Dutch _verliezen_
'to lose', and Lowlands Saxon _köyren_ (<kören> ~ <köörn> ~ <küren> ~
<küürn>) vs Dutch _kiezen_ 'to choose', LS _köyr_ (<köör> ~ <küür>) vs Dutch
_keuze_ 'choice' but _voorkeur_ 'preference' ("fore-choice").

Regards,
Reinhard/Ron

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