Arabic-L:LING:Hamza responses

[Dilworth Parkinson]

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Arabic-L: Sat 20 Jan 2007
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-------------------------Directory------------------------------------

1) Subject:Hamza response
2) Subject:Hamza response
3) Subject:Hamza response
4) Subject:Hamza response
5) Subject:Hamza response
6) Subject:Hamza response

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1)
Date: 20 Jan 2007
From:Jonathan Rodgers <jrodgers at umich.edu>
Subject:Hamza response

See Wright, A Grammar of the Arabic Language, v. 1, p. 75, paragraph  
133, rem.

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2)
Date: 20 Jan 2007
From: "Waheed Samy" <wasamy at umich.edu>
Subject:Hamza response

Haruko, you can use either one of the two methods below:

I-  The strength-O-meter method
Under this method the strongest wins!
Here is ‘the order of strength’, from strongest to weakest: ئـ,  
ؤ, أ.
So in your example, أقرأها VS أقرؤها, the second wins  
because ؤ is stronger than أ:

Here’s another example:
تقرأين or تقرئين?
According to the strength-O-meter above, ئـ is stronger than أ.   
Therefore تقرئين wins.

II- The syllable method
If you syllabify the indicative أقرأها or أقرَؤها you get  
the following four syllables:
‘aq + ra + ’u + ha.
The third syllable -‘u - tells you that the seat of the hamza is /w/.

For تقرأين and تقرئين, if you syllabify you get the  
following four syllables:
taq + ra+ ‘ii+ na.
The third syllable –‘ii- tells you that the seat of the hamza is / 
y/.

Waheed

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3)
Date: 20 Jan 2007
From:"Marco Hamam" <marco.hamam at poste.it>
Subject:Hamza response

Hello Haruko. First, in arabic, it is always important to distinguish  
between the rule and the practice. Your examples belong to what is  
called "qawa'id al-hamza al-mutatarrifa", the hamza at the end of words.
The imla' rule says exactly what it follows:
يكون حكم الهمزة المتطرفة حكم الحرف  
الساكن لأنها في موضع الوقف من الكلمات .  
(Khalil Ibrahim, al-Mughni fi qawa'id al-'imla', Amman, al-Ahliyya,  
2002, p.15)
That means that this hamza is treated like a "voweless consonant" at  
the end of a syllabe. So final short inflectional vowels do not count  
unless it is -an so that hamza is considered middle.
Al-hamza al-mutatarrifa provides two cases:
1. it is preceeded by a mute consonant: the hamza is written alone  
like in المرء ، الشيء ، الوضوء
2. it is preceeded by a voweled consonat: the hamza is written on the  
consonant (alif, waw, ya') that corrisponds to the short vowel of the  
consonant before like in الخطأ ، التواطؤ ، قارئ
So, coming to your cases we can say that the right solutions are:

CASE (1)
لم أقرأِ الرسالة

CASE (2)
أقرأُها
(because hamza is considered a final syllabe consonant and it is  
preceed by a fatha)
(have a look also at the case of قرأوا . Here it is a good  
explanation http://www.rezgar.com/debat/show.art.asp?aid=10449)

As for practice, things change.

CASE (1)
you can find this sentence written:
لم أقرأِ الرسالة
لم أقرإِ الرسالة
لم أقرَئِ الرسالة
the last two do not respect the rule, though.

CASE (2)
أقرأُها
أقرؤُها

Best,

Marco Hamam

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4)
Date: 20 Jan 2007
From:"Dr. M. Deeb" <muhammaddeeb at gmail.com>
Subject:Hamza response


     Our Japanese colleague, Haruko Sakaedani, raises the interesting  
question of al-Hamza in Arabic orthography.  My comments and  
suggestions are inserted after his two given cases, respectively.

Case  (1):

For example, "i did not read the letter." means "lam 'aqra'i r- 
risaalah." In Arabic.  How do you write this Arabic sentence?  "I did  
not read" is "lam 'aqra'," which is written as لم أقرأ.  The  
last hamzah is written on a 'alif.  "lam 'aqra'i r-risaalah,"  
however, the vowel "i" is added to the last hamzah of أقرأ .  In  
this case, do we have to write the hamzah UNDER the 'alif? like لم  
أقرإ الرسالة ???????


<> The hamza should be placed on the “alif.”   The sukuun of the  
jussive is changed to a kasra as it is followed by hamzat ‘al-waSl.

  Case (2):

"I (shall) read" means "'aqra'u" in Arabic and it is written as  
أقرأ."I (shall) read it (f.sg.)" means "'aqra'u-haa" but how do  
you write this sentence?  I thought that i may write it as  
أقرأها, though I have found one of the Arabic Language Learner's  
books in which  "'aqra'u-haa" is written as أقرؤها, a hamzah on  
Waaw.


<> The right form is أقرؤها  .    The verb is in the indicative  
mood and is thus voweled with a Damma.   In line with Arabic  
orthography, the medial hamza following a letter with a fatHa and  
falling between two consonants is written on a waaw.

The medial hamza has been a source of headaches and heartaches for  
Arabs and Arabists alike.  As it is difficult to go into details  
here, I’d like to suggest a brief and reliable reference on the  
rules of Arabic orthography, written by the late eminent Arab  
grammarian and editor, ‘Abdul as-Salaam Muhammad Haaruun,   
قواعد الأملاء, Cairo, 1985.  I hope this would prove of  
some assistance.

* M. Deeb

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5)
Date: 20 Jan 2007
From:"t.milo at chello.nl
Subject:Hamza response

Your transcriptions are flawless, just type them into AE

lam 'aqra'
lam 'aqra'i r-risaalah (better: r-risaala+ to get the dots; there is  
a well-written help file)

And get the correct Arabic orthography in real time on screen.

Enjoy,

Thomas Milo

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6)
Date: 20 Jan 2007
From:""JL" <mm221 at op.pl>
Subject:Hamza response

          In this case, do we have to write the hamzah UNDER the 'alif?
like لم أقرإ الرسالة ???????

No. At the end of the word the "kursiyy" depends on the vowel  
preceding the hamza.
The kursiyy cannot be other than أ (alif and hamza above it). A damma  
or kasra occuring after the alif brings no change, because the fatha  
before the alif remains still the same fatha, and the kursiyy depends  
on it.
So you should write only: لم أقرأ الرسالة


CASE 2)
"i (shall) read" means "'aqra'u" in Arabic and it is written as  
أقرأ.
"i (shall) read it(f.sg.)" means "'aqra'u-haa" but how do you write this
sentence?
i thought that i may write it as أقرأها ,
though i have found one of the Arabic Language Learner's books
in which "'aqra'u-haa" is written as أقرؤها , a hamzah on Waaw.
Please teach me how to write hamzahs.


The rule is that at the end of the word the "kursiyy" depends on the  
vowel preceding the hamza.
The problem however is what we mean by the "word".
Similar problems occur when we conjugate an "ultimae hamza" verb.

Many grammars pretend that the يقرؤون is correct, but many  
famous Arabic writers use the يقرأون
believing that the kursiyy depends on the wowel preceding the "stem- 
ending" hamza.

I am a descriptive and not normative linguist and from my point of  
wiev the both forms are correct,
but I believe that يقرأون is better because there is much more  
easy to state when is the end of the stem, and
much more difficult when is the end of the word.
But this is only my personal opinion and I cannot say anymore that  
such a opinion should be in any degree a normative one.


Best regards,
Jerzy Lacina
Adam Mickiewicz University
Department of Oriental Studies
   
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