Fw: associative causative

Wed Jul 5 11:37:38 UTC 2006

There is a sociative causative in Quechua (-wshi- or -ysi-). It indicates 'help or accompany someone doing something'. Applies 
mainly to intransitive verbs (but transitive is not entirely impossible). Quechua dialects also have applicative constructions. 

Willem Adelaar 

________________________________

Van: etnolinguistica at yahoogrupos.com.br namens DIONEY
Verzonden: ma 3-7-2006 15:47
Aan: etnolinguistica at yahoogrupos.com.br; CVL at yahoogroups.com
CC: Francoise Rose; aguillau at ish-lyon.cnrs.fr
Onderwerp: [etnolinguistica] Fw: associative causative

A pedido de Françoise Rose, encaminho esta mensagem aos participantes da
Etnolingüística e da CVL.
Abraço cordial a todos.
Dioney

Dear Colleagues,
In some apparently rare languages, one of the causative markers is
specialized in indicating that the causer not only makes the causee do an
action, but also participates in it. It pertains to a type of causative,
variably called sociative causative (Shibatani and Pardeshi 2002),
comitative causative (Tupi-Guarani tradition, Cf. Rodrigues 1953), causative
of involvement (Dixon 2000). This type of causative function is more
frequently conveyed by a causative morpheme also coding direct or indirect
causation. We are curious to know more about languages showing a device to
express sociative causative, and especially languages displaying a specific
associative causative marker (along other causative markers), such as below.
Emerillon (Tupi-Guarani, French Guiana)
(1) pe-lo-polahadj-kom.
2PL-CAUS.SOC-dance-PL.O
You made them dance with you.
(2) o-elo-kwa ba'eza'u.
3-CAUS.SOC-pass food
She distributed food (she passes by and have food pass with her).
(3) zawal-enam ka o-(w)elo-nan.
dog-TOP.SWITCH wasp 3 -CAUS.SOC-run
The dog runs with the wasps (The dog makes the wasps "run" with him.)
(4) zawal o-elo-'al tupaw?l.
dog 3-CAUS.SOC-fall box
The dog makes the box fall (when falling himself).
Cavineña (Tacana, Bolivia)
(5) E-ra e-kwe e-bakwa tawi-kere-ya.
1SG-ERG 1SG-GEN 1-child sleep-CAUS.SOC-IMPFV
I (will) make my child sleep with me.
(6) E-ra =tu ara-kere-chine torta Don Francisco.
1SG-ERG =3SG eat-CAUS.SOC-REC.PAST cake Mr. Francisco
I invited Mr. Francisco to eat a cake with me. (I made Mr F. eat a cake with
me).

Shibatani & Pardeshi (2002) distinguish 3 semantic types of sociative
causation :
- joint-action (Mother is making the child play)
- assistive (Mother is making the child pee)
- supervision (Mother is making the child read a book)

Depending on the language, sociative causative may be restricted to
intransitive bases (Tupi-Guarani languages) or may also apply to transitive
bases (Cavineña).
Sociative causative differs from the applicative construction, where a
comitative participant is promoted to an object position, in having a
causative meaning (and probably in the fact that the causee/object is the
main agent of the action, and the causer/subject the "comitative"
participant). Indeed, there are languages which display a distinction
between a comitative applicative and a sociative causative, as is the case
in Wolof, for example.
There is however in many languages a formal syncretism between causative and
applicative: Shibatani & Pardeshi (2002) underline the fact that "in a fair
number of languages, causative morphemes are associated with the applicative
function of introducing a comitative, instrumental or benefactive argument."
To summarize, whereas applicative markers can not take the sociative
causative function (but just the comitative one), causative markers may
overlap the applicative function.
Apart from Tupi/Tupi-Guarani languages, Cavineña and Wolof, we have read
about specific sociative causative markers in the Peruvian Pre-Andine Arawak
languages Nomatsiguenga, Amuesha and Piro (Wise 1986: 593-594) and Asheninca
(Payne 2001), as well as in the Equatorian Barbacoan language Awa Pit
(Timothy Curnow, p.c.), and in Alamblak- Sepik, New Guinea, (Bruce 1984 :55,
155-156).
Our questions are:
- Do you know any other language displaying sociative causative?
- Does it have a specific sociative causative marker?
- What exact meaning does it carry?
- On what type of verbs is it found? (valence + meaning)
- In this language, how do(es) the other type(s) of causative function? Is
there any applicative construction? Is it an "and-language" or a
"with-language" (Stassen 2000)?
Please, send your answers to :

Françoise ROSE, CELIA (CNRS/IRD), France, rose at vjf.cnrs.fr
& Antoine GUILLAUME, Université Lyon, France, aguillau at ish-lyon.cnrs.fr

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