Neologisms....

[llama_nom]

Hails Fredrik!

Some convincing suggestions there.  We could go for a calque of the 
Latinate "corporation", *leikoþus, mu (or yes, *ga-leikinassus, 
although that sounds very much like `lekinessus' "healing", actually 
spelt `leikinassus' at L 9,15), but I personally would favour a more 
internally self-explicable compound.  How about something like: *ga-
waurki-hansa "profit company/band/cohort"?  `hansa' is a cohort, a 
body of men/soldiers in Gothic, but in Middle German was applied to 
a group of people joined for business purposes, the Hanse (Hanseatic 
League).

"Steam" -- well, we´ve got `milhma' "cloud".  What are the oldest 
words for mist and steam in German?  We could have a German inspired 
*damps, or a English/Dutch/Frisian inspired *staums, ma, or a Norse 
+ German inspired *nibls, ma.  Or *rauks, mi., whose cognates 
mean "smoke" or "steam" (this has wide currency throughout the 
Germanic lands).  Or as Oscar suggests, Greek via Dutch inspired 
*gas, a modern invented word.  In fact, Oscar's compound idea would 
be good for specific vapours:

wata-rauks, mi., *wata-nibls, ma.  water vapour
sunna-stabi-rauks, mi.  helium (sun-element-gas), see below...
*in-giba-nibls, ma, *aitra-rauks, mi.  toxic vapour

Oscar´s suggestion, corrected to something along the lines of `midja-
aldeis', sounds good for the Middle Ages, which had feudal social 
structures.  As for the feudal system itself, Medieval 
Latin `feudum', `feodum' is supposed to be of Germanic origin, 
swaswe þiudans unsar gemelida, but the exact etymology is 
problematic.

under FEE, the Oxford English dictionary has:

"a. AF. fee, fie = OF. fé, fié, *fiet (app. implied in fiez pl.), 
fief, fieu, fiu, Pr. feo, feu, fieu, It. fio (prob. from Fr. or Pr.; 
the Langobardic Lat. faderfium is a compound of Teut. fehu FEE n.1), 
med.L. feodum, feudum (first cited by Du Cange from a charter of 
Charles the Fat, A.D. 884), also fevum, feum, fedium, in Sicily 
fegum. 
  The mutual relation of the various Romanic and med.L. forms is 
somewhat obscure. According to some scholars, fief is a vbl. n. f. 
fiever to grant in fee, f. fieu, which, as well as the other forms 
of the n., descends from feodum or its Teut. source. The ultimate 
etymology is uncertain. A prevalent view is that the word is f. OHG. 
fehu cattle, property, money (= FEE n.1), + ôd wealth, property. 
This must be rejected, because such an etymology could directly 
yield no other sense than that of `movable property', which is very 
remote from the sense of feodum as used in early records, viz. 
usufruct granted in requital of service (often opposed to alodis, 
originally meaning `inheritance'); cf. the synonyms, Ger. lehen, OE. 
laen (the same word as Eng. loan), and L. beneficium, i.e. something 
granted to a subject by the kindness of his lord. A more tenable 
theory is that the OF. fiu is an adoption of the Teut. fehu in the 
contextual sense of `wages, payment for service'; the Rom. word 
certainly had this meaning (see branch II below), and it is 
conceivable that the feudal sense is a specific application of it. 
The d of the L. forms, feudum, feodum, however, is left unexplained 
by this hypothesis; some regard it as a euphonic insertion 
(comparing It. chiodo nail from vulgar L. *clo-um from clavum); 
others think that it is due to the analogy of allodium; and others 
suppose feudum to be a vbl. n. f. feudare = feum dare; but each of 
these views involves serious difficulties. It is not impossible that 
two originally distinct words may have been confused. A conjecture 
proposed by Prof. Kern, and approved by some German jurists, is that 
feodum represents an OHG. *fehôd, related to the vb. fehôn, which is 
recorded only in the sense `to eat, feed upon', but is supposed on 
etymological grounds to have had the wider meaning `to take for 
one's enjoyment'. This would account fairly well for the sense, but 
involves too much hypothesis to be accepted with confidence. It is 
curious, if the word be of Teut. formation, that there is no direct 
proof of its having existed in any Teut. language, nor is it found 
even in the L. text of the Frankish laws."

>From the last suggestion, we might get Got.

*faíhoþus, mu.  fief
*faíhoþisks, a.  feudal.

For manufacture I´ve been toying with the idea of: *handu-taui, -
waurstw "hand-work", *handu-taweins, -waukeins "hand-
making/working".  But since the referrence to hands is just an 
accident of Latin etymology, how about *ga-smiþons, 
fi.  "production, manufacture", from the attested verb `ga-smiþon'.

"Condition, stipulation", hmm, I´m still pondering that one.  To me 
the word `stipulation' implies not so much an agreement (gaqiss, 
samaqiss, trausti, triggwa) as a demand (?) or requirement (Got. 
þaurfts) or a term that must be met.  But looking now, I see that 
the sense of an agreed term is given in dictionaries.  Maybe that's 
more of a specialised legal sense?  I was thinking of ON `kostr', 
but then that's more of a term granted, I think, than a 
requirement.  What other old Germanic words can we think of?

Yes, 'andwairþs' is "present", which might include "modern", 
although I suppose the New Testament examples tend to contrast 
present unpleasantness with future relief, whereas the English 
word "modern" contrasts the present with the past.  Maybe 'niujis' 
would be a better fit in some contexts?  Another possibility, 'nu' 
used as an indeclinable adjective (albeit matching Greek NUN), as at 
2Tim 4,10 'frijonds þo nu ald' "loving the present age".

Your suggestion *andwaibjan, which sounds as if it could literally 
mean "unwind", makes a plausible calque for "develop", "entwickeln", 
etc.  I would suggest that for the intransitive form, the reflexive 
pronoun would normally follow the verb, thus: *andwaibjan sik.  This 
is the rule where the reflexive pronoun completes the sense of the 
verb (where the verb would have a different meaning without it) or 
where it just serves to make a verb intransitive, gafalh sik `hid 
(himself)'.  The exceptional word order of 2Cor 12,10 'mis 
galeikaiþ' I suspect might be due to exceptional emphasis: "me, I 
take pleasure in illnesses [unlike other apostles who brag about 
more normal things like visions and revelations]".  But reflexive 
pronouns may come before the verb where they have a full meaning of 
their own independent of the verb, corresponding to 
English "themselves", etc.  Even there though, they can follow the 
verb if not emphatic: gawasida sik "dressed (clothed themselves)", 
ataugidedum sik "appeared (showed themselves)".  Compare:

ni uslaubjandein faur mel sik gahaban "not allowing himself to be 
captured prematurely"
ungahabandans sik "without self-restraint, (morally) incontinent"

In the first example, 'gahaban' has its ordinary meaning, and 'sik' 
is just reflexive.  In the 2nd, 'sik' alters the meaning.

Other words meaning to grow: liudan, keinan, wahsjan.

element.  Your *grundu-stoma seems a fair suggestion, as far as I 
can see.  Cf. also: uf stabim þis fairhvaus "under the elements of 
this world".  Greek hUPO TA STOXEIA "under the letters" (which might 
be what inspired this translation) or "under the elements", or 
anything arranged in sequence.  A Gothic marginal gloss 
explains 'stabim' as 'tugglam', dat.pl. of *tuggl,
neuter--cognate with OE tungol "heavenly body", ON tungl "moon".

I can think of a few on you list for which Gothic words are attested 
already:

form.  laudi, fjo, hiwi, nja., farw, na?, galeiki, nja
oppress.  (persecute) wrikan, sv. V., wrakjan, wv. 1.; (oppress as 
troubles) ana-praggan, sv. VII.; (oppress, burden) kaurjan, wv. 1.; 
(burden, weigh down with) af-hlaþan, sv. VI. 
oppression.  (persecution) wraka, wrakja, sf., wrekei, wf.
discover.  finþan, III.  (A Gothic word formed in a similar way to 
the German 'entdecken' is 'andhuljan', which Wright glosses 
as "uncover, disclose, reveal, open".)

Some more suggestions:

*boka-leisei, fin.  literature.
*ga-maini-hansa, fo.  collective.
*faihu-fasteis, mja.  economist.
*faihu-leisei, fin.  finance, economics.
*stoma-stafs (b), mi.  chemical element.
*tuggla-fasteis, mja.  astronomer.
*tuggla-leisei, fin.  astronomy.
*wisti-fasteis, mja.  physicist.
*wisti-leisei, fin.  physics.
*wisti-stafs (b), mi.  elementary particle.
*wokra-hansa, fo.  banking company.


Now you can write:

Skohsl Aiwropa hvoteiþ, skohsl gamainduþiskeins.  Ainhvarjizuh 
Aiwropos reike in weiha triggwa gagahaftida sik du usdreiban 
unhulþon þo: Rumos papa, Russalandis kaisar, Maitairnih jah Gizo, 
uswaltjands ana Fragkam, sahsiskai wardiferjans.  Hvar ist sa 
andstandanda hiuhma, þammei fram þaim waldufni habandam andastaþjam 
seinaim, ni gasakada bi, þatei gamainduþisks sijai?

Llama Nom





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