Sum: questions on African affiliations

Tue May 20 00:24:30 UTC 1997

----------------------------Original message----------------------------

Back in early April i posted the following query in LINGUIST and HISTLING:

> Recent browsing in some general texts has made me aware that
>there are or have been recently some questions raised about
>certain putative affiliations amongst certain languages on the
>African continent.  Not being an Africanist, this is in no way
>an area i am particularly knowledgeable about, but i have hopes
>someday of teaching a seminar in which students are called upon
>to examine critically the literature arguing pro & con certain
>hypotheses in the field of historical linguistics, and i would
>therefore like some references to good discussions in the
>literature on the following topics:
>
> 1. There is presumably no question that all the so-called
>`Cushitic' languages are members of the Afro-Asiatic family.
>But do they constitute a well-defined sub-family, or are they
>merely a `miscellaneous' category?
>
> 2. Are the so-called `Nilo-Saharan' languages a well-defined
>glosso-genetic family or merely a geographically-defined group?
>
> 3. Ditto the `Khoisan' languages.

I would first of all like to thank the following scholars for their
informative  esponses, whether in the way of elucidatory discussion or
direction towards worthwhile literature or both:

David Anderson <dpanderson at ets.org>
M. Lionel Bender <nacal26 at siu.edu>
Ronald Cosper <Ronald.Cosper at stmarys.ca>
Miguel Carrasquer Vidal <mcv at pi.net>
Peter Daniels <pdaniels at press-gopher.uchicago.edu>
Alice Faber <faber at lenny.haskins.yale.edu>
Thomas J. Hinnebusch <hinnebus at humnet.ucla.edu>
Robert Nicolai <nicolai at unice.fr>
Derek Nurse <dnurse at morgan.ucs.mun.ca>
Bonny Sands <bsands at umich.edu>
Robin Thelwall <eubule at agt.net>

Below i give my summary of some of the more substantive remarks i
received wrt African affiliation; comments in square brackets are my
own.  This is followed by the combined list of references i received.

With regard to Cushitic, Ron Cosper's statement seems to best summarize
the consensus i detected in the messages i got:
`For Cushitic, it is now thought that some of the erstwhile branches may
in fact constitute separate families.  West Cushitic has been called
Omotic, and North Cushitic, Beja as a separate branch.  To my knowledge
East and South Cushitic are still put together as more recently diverged.'

Miguel Carrasquer Vidal:
Paul Newman ... would exclude Omotic from Afroasiatic altogether.

Alice Faber:
`At Phil Baldi's workshop on reconstruction at the Stanford institute (10
years ago, gasp!) ... Russ Schuh [remarked] that [Greenberg's] African
stuff was incredibly useful and, while wrong in details, had set the
agenda for discussion of linguistic filiation in Africa.  [Which i take
to mean that, even if Greenberg is wrong, he has provided motivation for
a lot of good work.] That said, many of the classifications in the Afri-
can system have shifted with more data. Omotic as a group in Afroasiatic
was a subgroup of Cushitic in Greenberg's original classification. Now,
it's mostly still considered Afroasiatic, but coordinate to Cushitic,
Chadic, etc.

I definitely got the impression that Nilo-Saharan is on rather uneasy
ground.  Alice Faber: `My impression of the literature is that Nilo-
Saharan is pretty well accepted but that there's disagreement about its
internal structure.'  Peter Daniels: `it's Nilo-Saharan that's more a
grab bag.'  Miguel Carrasquer Vidal's response included an outline of how
even Greenberg's early attempts at organizing African glossogenetic
affiliations were reluctant to admit of such a family, and of Ruhlen's
proposed internal organization of Nilo-Saharan (about which MCV seemed to
be expressing some scepticism, though that may be a misapprehension on my
part).  Robert Nicolai (whose remarks i am translating from French) ex-
presses much uncertainty about the coherence of Nilo-Saharan as a lan-
guage family, though he admits his perception on this subject may be in
part due to his primary interest in Songhay, whose affiliation with (the
rest of) Nilo-Saharan is particularly doubtful, as shown in his own pub-
lished research on the subject.  He sums up the situation by saying that
`in this area not a single question has been [persuasively] resolved.'

On the subject of Khoisan, Carrasquer Vidal said, `The position of
Sandawe and Hatsa (Hadza) is of course disputed (neither is particularly
close to Southern African Khoisan or to the other).  Nor is the relation-
ship between the North, Central and South groups of S. African Khoisan
universally accepted.'  Peter Daniels also referred to Sandawe and Hadza,
saying, `I think Khoisan is unquestioned for the South African languages
but the two "outliers" in Tanzania may have been included in it only be-
cause they have clicks.' [In responding, i pointed out that Zulu has
clicks, too, but as far as i know nobody's tried to affiliate it with
Khoisan, at least not recently.]  Several people referred me to Bonny
Sands' recent dissertation on the subject, a copy of which i am ordering
from UCLA.

References:
Bender, M. Lionel.  1975. Omotic: A New Afroasiatic Family. Carbondale:
University Museum, SIU.

___, ed.  1976.  The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia.  (Occasional
Papers Series, Committee on Ethiopian Studies; Monograph no. 5)  East
Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, African Languages Center.

___.  1983.  Nilo-Saharan Language Studies.  (Committee on Northeast
African Studies monograph no. 13) East Lansing, MI: Michigan State
University, African Studies Center.

Ehret, C.  1979. `Omotic and the subgrouping of the Afroasiatic language
family' in R.L. Hess, ed. Proceedings of the Fifth International
Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-18, 1979, pp. 51-62.
Chicago: Office of Publication Services, UI Chicago-Circle.

___.  A Comparative-Historical Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan,
`which was in manuscript form last I heard of it.' -- Cosper

Fleming, Hal.  1969. `The Classification of West Cushitic within Hamito
Semitic' in J. Butler, ed. Eastern African History, pp. 3-27. NY: Praeger.

___.  1974. `Omotic as an Afroasiatic family' Studies in African
Linguistics, Supplement 5, pp. 81-94.

___.  1976. `Cushitic and Omotic' in M.L. Bender, ed. Language in
Ethiopia, pp. 34-53. London: OUP.

Newman, Paul.  1980.  The Classification of Chadic Within Afroasiatic. Leiden

R. Nicolai, Robert.  1990.  Parentes linguistiques (a propos du songhay),
209 p. Collection "Sciences du Langage", Editions du CNRS, Paris.

___.  1995.  `Parentes du songhay : repondre aux questions, questionner
les reponses' Proceedings 5th Nilo-Saharan Colloquium,  Rudiger Koeppe
Verlag, Koeln, pp. 391-412

___.  1996.  Problems of Grouping and Subgrouping : the Question of
Songhay, 6th Nilo-saharan Conference , Santa Monica, AAP N0 45 Koeln, pp.
27-52.

___.  1996.  Thoughts on a model for describing linguistic relationships,
26thAnnual Conference on African Linguistics, Los Angeles

Nurse, Derek.  [1997.]  The Contributions of Linguistics to the Study of
History in Africa.  To appear in Journal of African History.

Ruhlen, Merritt.  1987. A Guide to the World's Languages, Stanford:
Stanford UP.

Sands, Bonny.  1995 Evaluating Claims of Distant Linguistic Relation-
ships: The Case of Khoisan. (UCLA Dissertations in Linguistics 14).  Los
Angeles: UCLA Linguistics Dept.

--Website:

`There's an on-line bibliography that contains listings of articles about
African languages including Khoisan languages:'

http://bantu.berkeley.edu/CBOLDBibs/BibAu.31.html

Once again, thanks to all who responded!  I'm adding all this to the list
of potential readings & subject-matter for the seminar i mentioned in my
original posting, hoping to teach it someday!

Best,
Steven
---------------------
Dr. Steven Schaufele
712 West Washington
Urbana, IL  61801
217-344-8240
fcosws at prairienet.org
http://www.prairienet.org/~fcosws/homepage.html

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