[HPSG-L] Highly ambiguous sentences with lots of quantifier scoipings and psycholinguistic work on underspeification

Tue Mar 11 15:36:36 UTC 2025

> In fact, N400 studies suggest that, at least in some contexts, 
> quantified NPs are interpreted incrementally, wich even speaks against 
> floating scope-taking representations 
> (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899316304590?via%3Dihub). 
> The relationship between formal semantics and psycholinguistics thus 
> remains somewhat opaque. 

But why does this speak against floating scope-taking representations? 
Do you mean underspecified scope? Constraint-based approaches seem to be 
perfect for this: You add constraints as information comes in. Of course 
there is the problem of garden pathes. You have to deal with these somehow.

Best

     Stefan

Am 11.03.25 um 15:40 schrieb Andy Lücking:
> Wrt. (too) many readings it's perhaps also worth mentioning that 
> generalized quantifiers are not meant to be psychological 
> entities---the postulated higher-order denotations are probably not 
> processable at all. This has already been pointed out in the classic 
> paper by Barwise & Cooper 
> (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-2727-8_10, 
> $4.9). Instead, the authors propose witnesses (which eventually leads 
> to witness-based approaches to quantification [e.g. 
> https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/dad/article/view/10675, 
> https://semprag.org/index.php/sp/article/view/sp.15.4]). To trivialize 
> a bit: One imagines an example situation and checks whether the 
> quantified noun phrase applies there. From a dialogical point of view 
> one can add that this kind of "underspecification" is sufficient for 
> communicative purposes, provided that no misunderstandings etc. occur 
> (which can then be negotiated). In fact, N400 studies suggest that, at 
> least in some contexts, quantified NPs are interpreted incrementally, 
> wich even speaks against floating scope-taking representations 
> (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899316304590?via%3Dihub). 
> The relationship between formal semantics and psycholinguistics thus 
> remains somewhat opaque.
>
> Best,
> Andy
>
>
> ---
> Dr. habil. Andy Lücking (he/his/him)
>
> Text Technology Lab
> Fakultät für Informatik und Mathematik
> Goethe-Universität Frankfurt
> Robert-Mayer-Strasse 10
> 60325 Frankfurt am Main
> Postfach: 154
> Tel: +49 69-798-24663
> Fax: +49 69-798-24649
> Mail: luecking at em.uni-frankfurt.de
> Web: https://aluecking.github.io/
>
>
>
>
>
> Zitat von Rui Chaves <rchaves at buffalo.edu>:
>
>> Ah, it wasn’t Markus Egg, it was Alexander Koller (and Stefan 
>> Thater). My bad.
>> https://aclanthology.org/W06-3904.pdf
>>
>> @inproceedings{koller2006towards,
>>   author    = {Alexander Koller and Stefan Thater},
>>   title     = {Towards a redundancy elimination algorithm for 
>> underspecified descriptions},
>>   booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on 
>> Inference in Computational Semantics (ICoS-5)},
>>   year      = {2006}
>> }
>>
>> Mine is like a Mikey Mouse version of their paper (I was an MA 
>> student, working alone)
>> https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~rchaves/dscope.pdf
>>
>> @inproceedings{chaves2003non,
>>   author    = {Rui P. Chaves},
>>   title     = {Non-redundant scope disambiguation in Underspecified 
>> Semantics},
>>   booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th ESSLLI Student Session},
>>   editor    = {Balder ten Cate},
>>   pages     = {47--58},
>>   year      = {2003},
>>   address   = {Vienna, Austria}
>> }
>>
>> -- 
>> Rui P. Chaves (he/him)
>> Chair and Professor of Linguistics
>> Director of Undergraduate and Graduate Studies for the Computational 
>> Linguistics BS and MS Programs
>> University at Buffalo, SUNY
>> https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~rchaves/
>>
>>
>>
>> From: Roussanka Loukanova <rloukanova at gmail.com>
>> Date: Tuesday, March 11, 2025 at 8:20 AM
>> To: Rui Chaves <rchaves at buffalo.edu>
>> Cc: Stefan Müller <St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de>, Emily M. Bender 
>> <ebender at uw.edu>, hpsg-l at listserv.linguistlist.org 
>> <HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org>
>> Subject: Re: [HPSG-L] Highly ambiguous sentences with lots of 
>> quantifier scoipings and psycholinguistic work on underspeification
>> Hi Rui,
>>
>> Which is your paper? Better, I'd appreciate its .bib entry.
>>
>> In the TTAR / TTAA, the different scopings, e.g., in the examples you 
>> provide, can be or are denotationally equivalent, while not (all are) 
>> algorithmically equivalent. But this is just by a quick look at them. 
>> At some point, I'll look into rendering them in TTAR.
>>
>> It would be best if you quickly write a draft, at most 10 pages, and 
>> submit it to CLIRAI at DCAI'25 - see the CfP I posted here.
>>
>> And, a similar encouragement to all of you, on the topics of CLIRAI!
>>
>> Best Regards,
>> Roussanka
>>
>>
>> On Tue, 11 Mar 2025 at 12:59, Rui Chaves 
>> <rchaves at buffalo.edu<mailto:rchaves at buffalo.edu>> wrote:
>> Stefan,
>> It’s even worse than that. You don’t need different quantifiers. 
>> Every single NP in the sentence can have an existential quantifier, 
>> and the number of scopings still explodes. It’s just that all the 
>> scopings will be equivalent to each other!
>>
>> “A cat chased a rat”
>> Exists x (cat(x) & Exists y(rat(y) & chase(x,y)))
>> is equivalent to
>> Exists y (rat(y) & Exists x(cat(x) & chase(x,y)))
>>
>> Now imagine a sentence with 10 existentials, thousands of logical 
>> formulas, all equivalent.
>>
>> I had an ESSLLI paper about this, proposing a way to avoid redundant 
>> scopings, and then Markus Egg improved on the technique.
>>
>> -- 
>> Rui P. Chaves (he/him)
>> Chair and Professor of Linguistics
>> Director of Undergraduate and Graduate Studies for the Computational 
>> Linguistics BS and MS Programs
>> University at Buffalo, SUNY
>> https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~rchaves/
>>
>>
>>
>> From: HPSG-L 
>> <hpsg-l-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:hpsg-l-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>> 
>> on behalf of Stefan Müller 
>> <St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de<mailto:St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de>>
>> Date: Tuesday, March 11, 2025 at 7:21 AM
>> To: Emily M. Bender <ebender at uw.edu<mailto:ebender at uw.edu>>
>> Cc: 
>> hpsg-l at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:hpsg-l at listserv.linguistlist.org> 
>> <HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org>> 
>>
>> Subject: Re: [HPSG-L] Highly ambiguous sentences with lots of 
>> quantifier scoipings and psycholinguistic work on underspeification
>> Thanks Emily,
>>
>> Wow! 10^12 readings! This is indeed impressive. But the sentence is not:
>>
>> Myrdal is the mountain terminus of the Flåm rail line (or Flåmsbana)
>> which makes its way down the lovely Flåm Valley (Flåmsdalen) to its
>> sea-level terminus at Flåm.
>>
>> I guess a lot of the ambiguity is caused by using generalized
>> quantifiers for proper names and they should not scope with respect to
>> each other. So it is an engineering problem, although an interesting
>> one. Utool has some trick to cope with such unwanted ambiguities. There
>> is some way to specify equivalences. I forgot how it works but want to
>> find out.
>>
>> So what I am looking for is something like:
>>
>> Every daughter of an employee with at least four children knows somebody
>> with a daughter who owns a pony.
>>
>> But naturally occurring and with lots of scopings. It would be fine if
>> it were only a million readings. =:-)
>>
>> Something that convinces semanticsist or at least students that
>> underspecification is a good thing to have. =:-)
>>
>> Best
>>
>>      Stefan
>>
>>
>> Am 10.03.25 um 15:35 schrieb Emily M. Bender:
>>> Hi Stefan, Hi all,
>>>
>>> Regarding computational processing of scope ambiguities I think you're
>>> thinking of the work of Koller & Thater on Utool:
>>>
>>> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Faclanthology.org%2FP05-3003.pdf&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770847945%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=hcI%2BVoOQnDjUpYgBFQ%2FRMdmQrsVauuexPquSstZlAIw%3D&reserved=0<https://aclanthology.org/P05-3003.pdf><https://aclanthology.org/P05-3003.pdf> 
>>>
>>>
>>> Those impressive numbers involved the ERG, not the Grammar Matrix nor
>>> small grammars derived from it. (Though in principle, Utool should be
>>> compatible with Matrix-derived grammars.)
>>>
>>> Emily
>>>
>>> On Mon, Mar 10, 2025 at 6:46 AM Stefan Müller
>>> <St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de<mailto:St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de>> wrote:
>>>
>>>     Yes, I expected that this is true and that people will not sit
>>>     there and
>>>     imagine all the 20.000 possible worlds that correspond to the
>>>     readings.
>>>     But what do I know? I am not a psycholinguist.
>>>
>>>     And after all our world turned into an impossible world due to
>>>     unpredictable behavior of my fellow humans. By now I expect them
>>>     to do
>>>     strange things.
>>>
>>>     Thanks for all the answers! This is enourmously helpful.
>>>
>>>     I will post a summary.
>>>
>>>     Best
>>>
>>>          Stefan
>>>
>>>     Am 10.03.25 um 14:35 schrieb Rui Chaves:
>>>     >
>>>     > There’s also the anecdotal fact that people who read a 80-word
>>>     > sentence in a newspaper don’t spend 30 minutes parsing it.
>>>     >
>>>     > 😊
>>>     >
>>>     > --
>>>     > Rui P. Chaves (he/him)
>>>     > Chair and Professor of Linguistics, University at Buffalo, SUNY
>>>     > Director of Graduate and Undergraduate Studies for the
>>>     Computational
>>>     > Linguistics Program
>>>     >
>>> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acsu.buffalo.edu%2F*rchaves%2F__%3Bfg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770875115%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=R%2BkwlW9u2GyfnswCLBU2MrJEBDnneYWx49C1%2Fu%2BdeL4%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/*rchaves/__;fg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M$><https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/*rchaves/__;fg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M$>
>>>
>>>     >
>>>     > *From: *Rui Chaves 
>>> <rchaves at buffalo.edu<mailto:rchaves at buffalo.edu>>
>>>     > *Date: *Monday, March 10, 2025 at 8:33 AM
>>>     > *To: *Roussanka Loukanova 
>>> <rloukanova at gmail.com<mailto:rloukanova at gmail.com>>, Stefan Müller
>>>     > <St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de<mailto:St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de>>
>>>     > *Cc: 
>>> *hpsg-l at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:hpsg-l at listserv.linguistlist.org>
>>> <HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org>>
>>>     > *Subject: *Re: [HPSG-L] Highly ambiguous sentences with lots of
>>>     > quantifier scoipings and psycholinguistic work on 
>>> underspeification
>>>     >
>>>     > Dear Stefan,
>>>     >
>>>     > There is evidence that comprehenders don’t compute all scopings:
>>>     >
>>>     >
>>> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371*journal.pone.0081461__%3BLw!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf88ly5M3E%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770888609%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=q0r%2F8JcvKy4WXh2Z5i63wDNJPOUMWQA5bS%2FHiuA1sG8%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371*journal.pone.0081461__;Lw!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf88ly5M3E$><https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371*journal.pone.0081461__;Lw!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e
>>> 8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf88ly5M3E$>
>>>
>>>     >
>>>     > --
>>>     >
>>>     > Rui P. Chaves (he/him)
>>>     > Chair and Professor of Linguistics
>>>     > Director of Undergraduate and Graduate Studies for the
>>>     Computational
>>>     > Linguistics BS and MS Programs
>>>     >
>>>     > University at Buffalo, SUNY
>>>     >
>>>     >
>>> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acsu.buffalo.edu%2F*rchaves%2F__%3Bfg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770902014%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=rvWwiqR2Oj5vC1%2BvadTbHCUvIjlXpRdXJoKMtRC%2Bado%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/*rchaves/__;fg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M$><https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/*rchaves/__;fg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M$>
>>>
>>>     >
>>> <https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acsu.buffalo.edu%2F*rchaves%2F__%3Bfg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770914902%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=Wi5HIJId8AZt%2FjLbDnxM1T45UJsVzUGhaDg2c%2B5%2FsVc%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/*rchaves/__;fg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M$>
>>>     >
>>>     >
>>>     > *From: *HPSG-L 
>>> <hpsg-l-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:hpsg-l-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>> 
>>> on
>>>     behalf of
>>>     > Roussanka Loukanova 
>>> <rloukanova at gmail.com<mailto:rloukanova at gmail.com>>
>>>     > *Date: *Monday, March 10, 2025 at 8:25 AM
>>>     > *To: *Stefan Müller 
>>> <St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de<mailto:St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de>>
>>>     > *Cc: 
>>> *hpsg-l at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:hpsg-l at listserv.linguistlist.org>
>>> <HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org>>
>>>     > *Subject: *Re: [HPSG-L] Highly ambiguous sentences with lots of
>>>     > quantifier scoipings and psycholinguistic work on 
>>> underspeification
>>>     >
>>>     > Hi Stefan,
>>>     > Hi Everyone,
>>>     >
>>>     > Your questions are extra interesting. I'm very much interested
>>>     in the
>>>     > answers.
>>>     >
>>>     > And, of course, I'm looking forward to your revised HPSG book!
>>>     >
>>>     > I work on Type Theory of Recursion, including its varieties of
>>>     Type Theory
>>>     > of Acyclic Recursion / Algorithms (TTAR / TTAA). TTAR provides
>>>     > mathematical  and algorithmic foundations of Syntax-Semantics
>>>     (SynSem) in
>>>     > Computational Grammars (CompGrs).
>>>     >
>>>     > The relational extensions of TTAA to Dependent-Type Theory of
>>>     Situated
>>>     > Info
>>>     > (DTTSI) directly provides math, i.e., algorithmic foundations,
>>>     of  MRS and
>>>     > its SynSem in HPSG.
>>>     >
>>>     > In all the versions of  TTAR / TTAA and DTTSI, I include
>>>     > underspecification.
>>>     >
>>>     > Best Regards,
>>>     > Roussanka
>>>     >
>>>     >
>>>     > On Mon, 10 Mar 2025 at 12:22, Stefan Müller
>>> <St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de<mailto:St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de>>
>>>     > wrote:
>>>     >
>>>     > > Hi,
>>>     > >
>>>     > > I remember that people working with the grammar matrix and
>>>     large scale
>>>     > > implementations reported natural occurring sentence with an
>>>     enormous
>>>     > > amount of readings. Something in the range of 100.000
>>>     scopings. Is this
>>>     > > documented somewhere in print?
>>>     > >
>>>     > > Is there psycholinguistic research showing that humans do not
>>>     work with
>>>     > > specific readings but leave scopings underspecified (maybe to
>>>     a certain
>>>     > > extend).
>>>     > >
>>>     > > I am revising my HPSG textbook and switching to MRS in this
>>>     book now, so
>>>     > > I am interested in this kind of information.
>>>     > >
>>>     > > Thanks a lot.
>>>     > >
>>>     > > Best wishes
>>>     > >
>>>     > >      Stefan
>>>     > >
>>>     > > _______________________________________________
>>>     > > HPSG-L mailing list
>>>     > > 
>>> HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org>
>>>     > >
>>>     >
>>> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fnam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com%2F%3Furl%3Dhttps*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l%26data%3D05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545337622*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C%26sdata%3D4CDFd3jV49zrGkDtdZH0kdv5JcYC3egTLAtU5GxsPW4*3D%26reserved%3D0__%3BJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8mz-8umc%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770927641%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=dW3gqV
>>> 6Y94510RBeVc%2F6k36%2F1SOCvUvoR5Y1axsDmk4%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l&data=05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545337622*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C&sdata=4CDFd3jV49zrGkDtdZH0kdv5JcYC3egTLAtU5GxsPW4*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8mz-8umc$><https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l&data=05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545337622*7CUnknown*7CTWF 
>>>
>>> pbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C&sdata=4CDFd3jV49zrGkDtdZH0kdv5JcYC3egTLAtU5GxsPW4*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8mz-8umc$> 
>>>
>>> <https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fnam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com%2F%3Furl%3Dhttps*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l%26data%3D05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545337622*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C%26sdata%3D4CDFd3jV49zrGkDtdZH0kdv5JcYC3egTLAtU5GxsPW4*3D%26reserved%3D0__%3BJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8mz-8umc%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770940347%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=ZmbeE
>>> m3mr2CJrjGKq8dz6%2BL%2FzbPKLx5Sz5odIhxE0vo%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l&data=05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545337622*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C&sdata=4CDFd3jV49zrGkDtdZH0kdv5JcYC3egTLAtU5GxsPW4*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8mz-8umc$><https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l&data=05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545337622*7CUnknown*7CTW 
>>>
>>> FpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C&sdata=4CDFd3jV49zrGkDtdZH0kdv5JcYC3egTLAtU5GxsPW4*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8mz-8umc$>> 
>>>
>>>
>>>     >
>>> <https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Fhpsg-l__%3B!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8IFxrgOM%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770952835%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=BN5ywbhqSlarq2RpfhQ%2FYGjFHVdjNvxUq5bAePakCIg%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/hpsg-l__;!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8IFxrgOM$>
>>>     >
>>>     > >
>>>     > _______________________________________________
>>>     > HPSG-L mailing list
>>>     > 
>>> HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org>
>>>     >
>>> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fnam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com%2F%3Furl%3Dhttps*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l%26data%3D05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545362731*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C%26sdata%3D3EP*2BK2Ejp07qvqO*2FvOF6rSwOW1HQKXvD3aWeqSnFIaI*3D%26reserved%3D0__%3BJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8JveBGbQ%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770964911%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata
>>> =mZKxlx4nyKMM1T%2FT47uXjINXAbCEo5jBU%2B4BrMdKEJo%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l&data=05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545362731*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C&sdata=3EP*2BK2Ejp07qvqO*2FvOF6rSwOW1HQKXvD3aWeqSnFIaI*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8JveBGbQ$><https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l&data=05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545362731*7 
>>>
>>> CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C&sdata=3EP*2BK2Ejp07qvqO*2FvOF6rSwOW1HQKXvD3aWeqSnFIaI*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8JveBGbQ$> 
>>>
>>> <https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fnam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com%2F%3Furl%3Dhttps*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l%26data%3D05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545362731*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C%26sdata%3D3EP*2BK2Ejp07qvqO*2FvOF6rSwOW1HQKXvD3aWeqSnFIaI*3D%26reserved%3D0__%3BJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8JveBGbQ%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770977385%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdat
>>> a=sCZ49urzuNUIFqiZVDNp%2FMh6v0cD1KyQDA3jGDP4qfw%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l&data=05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545362731*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C&sdata=3EP*2BK2Ejp07qvqO*2FvOF6rSwOW1HQKXvD3aWeqSnFIaI*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8JveBGbQ$><https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l&data=05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545362731*7C 
>>>
>>> Unknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C&sdata=3EP*2BK2Ejp07qvqO*2FvOF6rSwOW1HQKXvD3aWeqSnFIaI*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8JveBGbQ$>> 
>>>
>>>
>>>     >
>>> <https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Fhpsg-l__%3B!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8IFxrgOM%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770990790%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=AnUy6GEzZxv9yNuTQgycJjiJ5XKrXL1scuVwEffkaY0%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/hpsg-l__;!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8IFxrgOM$>
>>>     >
>>>     >
>>>     _______________________________________________
>>>     HPSG-L mailing list
>>> HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org>
>>> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Fhpsg-l__%3B!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8IFxrgOM%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888771003422%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=F4dxIuEbpNcCmwwrZL6M93XLqn1U3U2aBCh207UK7eU%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/hpsg-l__;!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8IFxrgOM$><https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/hpsg-l__;!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sx
>>> cWf8IFxrgOM$>
>>>
>>>
>> _______________________________________________
>> HPSG-L mailing list
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