[HPSG-L] Highly ambiguous sentences with lots of quantifier scoipings and psycholinguistic work on underspeification

Andy Lücking luecking at em.uni-frankfurt.de
Tue Mar 11 17:20:54 UTC 2025 

Zitat von Stefan Müller <St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de>:

>> In fact, N400 studies suggest that, at least in some contexts,  
>> quantified NPs are interpreted incrementally, wich even speaks  
>> against floating scope-taking representations  
>> (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899316304590?via%3Dihub). The relationship between formal semantics and psycholinguistics thus remains somewhat  
>> opaque.
>
> But why does this speak against floating scope-taking  
> representations? Do you mean underspecified scope? Constraint-based  
> approaches seem to be perfect for this: You add constraints as  
> information comes in. Of course there is the problem of garden  
> pathes. You have to deal with these somehow.

Acc. to the study, people do associate something truth-evaluable to  
quantified expressions as soon as they occur in the input string,  
online, "at runtime", so to speak. If something truth-evaluable  
emerges after moving things around, this seems to rest on a later  
process, at clause level, perhaps comparable to backtracking garden  
paths. If constraint accumulation achieves online interpretation, it's  
perfect! But, as said, it surely is a bit shaky to interpret logical  
representations in procedural, psycholinguistic terms.

Best,
Andy



>
> Best
>
>     Stefan
>
> Am 11.03.25 um 15:40 schrieb Andy Lücking:
>> Wrt. (too) many readings it's perhaps also worth mentioning that  
>> generalized quantifiers are not meant to be psychological  
>> entities---the postulated higher-order denotations are probably not  
>> processable at all. This has already been pointed out in the  
>> classic paper by Barwise & Cooper  
>> (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-2727-8_10,  
>> $4.9). Instead, the authors propose witnesses (which eventually  
>> leads to witness-based approaches to quantification [e.g.  
>> https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/dad/article/view/10675,  
>> https://semprag.org/index.php/sp/article/view/sp.15.4]). To  
>> trivialize a bit: One imagines an example situation and checks  
>> whether the quantified noun phrase applies there. From a dialogical  
>> point of view one can add that this kind of "underspecification" is  
>> sufficient for communicative purposes, provided that no  
>> misunderstandings etc. occur (which can then be negotiated). In  
>> fact, N400 studies suggest that, at least in some contexts,  
>> quantified NPs are interpreted incrementally, wich even speaks  
>> against floating scope-taking representations  
>> (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899316304590?via%3Dihub). The relationship between formal semantics and psycholinguistics thus remains somewhat  
>> opaque.
>>
>> Best,
>> Andy
>>
>>
>> ---
>> Dr. habil. Andy Lücking (he/his/him)
>>
>> Text Technology Lab
>> Fakultät für Informatik und Mathematik
>> Goethe-Universität Frankfurt
>> Robert-Mayer-Strasse 10
>> 60325 Frankfurt am Main
>> Postfach: 154
>> Tel: +49 69-798-24663
>> Fax: +49 69-798-24649
>> Mail: luecking at em.uni-frankfurt.de
>> Web: https://aluecking.github.io/
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> Zitat von Rui Chaves <rchaves at buffalo.edu>:
>>
>>> Ah, it wasn’t Markus Egg, it was Alexander Koller (and Stefan  
>>> Thater). My bad.
>>> https://aclanthology.org/W06-3904.pdf
>>>
>>> @inproceedings{koller2006towards,
>>>   author    = {Alexander Koller and Stefan Thater},
>>>   title     = {Towards a redundancy elimination algorithm for  
>>> underspecified descriptions},
>>>   booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on  
>>> Inference in Computational Semantics (ICoS-5)},
>>>   year      = {2006}
>>> }
>>>
>>> Mine is like a Mikey Mouse version of their paper (I was an MA  
>>> student, working alone)
>>> https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~rchaves/dscope.pdf
>>>
>>> @inproceedings{chaves2003non,
>>>   author    = {Rui P. Chaves},
>>>   title     = {Non-redundant scope disambiguation in  
>>> Underspecified Semantics},
>>>   booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th ESSLLI Student Session},
>>>   editor    = {Balder ten Cate},
>>>   pages     = {47--58},
>>>   year      = {2003},
>>>   address   = {Vienna, Austria}
>>> }
>>>
>>> -- 
>>> Rui P. Chaves (he/him)
>>> Chair and Professor of Linguistics
>>> Director of Undergraduate and Graduate Studies for the  
>>> Computational Linguistics BS and MS Programs
>>> University at Buffalo, SUNY
>>> https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~rchaves/
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> From: Roussanka Loukanova <rloukanova at gmail.com>
>>> Date: Tuesday, March 11, 2025 at 8:20 AM
>>> To: Rui Chaves <rchaves at buffalo.edu>
>>> Cc: Stefan Müller <St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de>, Emily M. Bender  
>>> <ebender at uw.edu>, hpsg-l at listserv.linguistlist.org  
>>> <HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org>
>>> Subject: Re: [HPSG-L] Highly ambiguous sentences with lots of  
>>> quantifier scoipings and psycholinguistic work on underspeification
>>> Hi Rui,
>>>
>>> Which is your paper? Better, I'd appreciate its .bib entry.
>>>
>>> In the TTAR / TTAA, the different scopings, e.g., in the examples  
>>> you provide, can be or are denotationally equivalent, while not  
>>> (all are) algorithmically equivalent. But this is just by a quick  
>>> look at them. At some point, I'll look into rendering them in TTAR.
>>>
>>> It would be best if you quickly write a draft, at most 10 pages,  
>>> and submit it to CLIRAI at DCAI'25 - see the CfP I posted here.
>>>
>>> And, a similar encouragement to all of you, on the topics of CLIRAI!
>>>
>>> Best Regards,
>>> Roussanka
>>>
>>>
>>> On Tue, 11 Mar 2025 at 12:59, Rui Chaves  
>>> <rchaves at buffalo.edu<mailto:rchaves at buffalo.edu>> wrote:
>>> Stefan,
>>> It’s even worse than that. You don’t need different quantifiers.  
>>> Every single NP in the sentence can have an existential  
>>> quantifier, and the number of scopings still explodes. It’s just  
>>> that all the scopings will be equivalent to each other!
>>>
>>> “A cat chased a rat”
>>> Exists x (cat(x) & Exists y(rat(y) & chase(x,y)))
>>> is equivalent to
>>> Exists y (rat(y) & Exists x(cat(x) & chase(x,y)))
>>>
>>> Now imagine a sentence with 10 existentials, thousands of logical  
>>> formulas, all equivalent.
>>>
>>> I had an ESSLLI paper about this, proposing a way to avoid  
>>> redundant scopings, and then Markus Egg improved on the technique.
>>>
>>> -- 
>>> Rui P. Chaves (he/him)
>>> Chair and Professor of Linguistics
>>> Director of Undergraduate and Graduate Studies for the  
>>> Computational Linguistics BS and MS Programs
>>> University at Buffalo, SUNY
>>> https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~rchaves/
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> From: HPSG-L  
>>> <hpsg-l-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:hpsg-l-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>> on behalf of Stefan Müller  
>>> <St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de<mailto:St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de>>
>>> Date: Tuesday, March 11, 2025 at 7:21 AM
>>> To: Emily M. Bender <ebender at uw.edu<mailto:ebender at uw.edu>>
>>> Cc:  
>>> hpsg-l at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:hpsg-l at listserv.linguistlist.org>  
>>> <HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org>> Subject: Re: [HPSG-L] Highly ambiguous sentences with lots of quantifier scoipings and psycholinguistic work on  
>>> underspeification
>>> Thanks Emily,
>>>
>>> Wow! 10^12 readings! This is indeed impressive. But the sentence is not:
>>>
>>> Myrdal is the mountain terminus of the Flåm rail line (or Flåmsbana)
>>> which makes its way down the lovely Flåm Valley (Flåmsdalen) to its
>>> sea-level terminus at Flåm.
>>>
>>> I guess a lot of the ambiguity is caused by using generalized
>>> quantifiers for proper names and they should not scope with respect to
>>> each other. So it is an engineering problem, although an interesting
>>> one. Utool has some trick to cope with such unwanted ambiguities. There
>>> is some way to specify equivalences. I forgot how it works but want to
>>> find out.
>>>
>>> So what I am looking for is something like:
>>>
>>> Every daughter of an employee with at least four children knows somebody
>>> with a daughter who owns a pony.
>>>
>>> But naturally occurring and with lots of scopings. It would be fine if
>>> it were only a million readings. =:-)
>>>
>>> Something that convinces semanticsist or at least students that
>>> underspecification is a good thing to have. =:-)
>>>
>>> Best
>>>
>>>      Stefan
>>>
>>>
>>> Am 10.03.25 um 15:35 schrieb Emily M. Bender:
>>>> Hi Stefan, Hi all,
>>>>
>>>> Regarding computational processing of scope ambiguities I think you're
>>>> thinking of the work of Koller & Thater on Utool:
>>>>
>>>> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Faclanthology.org%2FP05-3003.pdf&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770847945%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=hcI%2BVoOQnDjUpYgBFQ%2FRMdmQrsVauuexPquSstZlAIw%3D&reserved=0<https://aclanthology.org/P05-3003.pdf><https://aclanthology.org/P05-3003.pdf> Those impressive numbers involved the ERG, not the Grammar Matrix  
>>>> nor
>>>> small grammars derived from it. (Though in principle, Utool should be
>>>> compatible with Matrix-derived grammars.)
>>>>
>>>> Emily
>>>>
>>>> On Mon, Mar 10, 2025 at 6:46 AM Stefan Müller
>>>> <St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de<mailto:St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de>> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>     Yes, I expected that this is true and that people will not sit
>>>>     there and
>>>>     imagine all the 20.000 possible worlds that correspond to the
>>>>     readings.
>>>>     But what do I know? I am not a psycholinguist.
>>>>
>>>>     And after all our world turned into an impossible world due to
>>>>     unpredictable behavior of my fellow humans. By now I expect them
>>>>     to do
>>>>     strange things.
>>>>
>>>>     Thanks for all the answers! This is enourmously helpful.
>>>>
>>>>     I will post a summary.
>>>>
>>>>     Best
>>>>
>>>>          Stefan
>>>>
>>>>     Am 10.03.25 um 14:35 schrieb Rui Chaves:
>>>>     >
>>>>     > There’s also the anecdotal fact that people who read a 80-word
>>>>     > sentence in a newspaper don’t spend 30 minutes parsing it.
>>>>     >
>>>>     > 😊
>>>>     >
>>>>     > --
>>>>     > Rui P. Chaves (he/him)
>>>>     > Chair and Professor of Linguistics, University at Buffalo, SUNY
>>>>     > Director of Graduate and Undergraduate Studies for the
>>>>     Computational
>>>>     > Linguistics Program
>>>>     >
>>>> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acsu.buffalo.edu%2F*rchaves%2F__%3Bfg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770875115%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=R%2BkwlW9u2GyfnswCLBU2MrJEBDnneYWx49C1%2Fu%2BdeL4%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/*rchaves/__;fg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M$><https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/*rchaves/__;fg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M$>
>>>>
>>>>     >
>>>>     > *From: *Rui Chaves <rchaves at buffalo.edu<mailto:rchaves at buffalo.edu>>
>>>>     > *Date: *Monday, March 10, 2025 at 8:33 AM
>>>>     > *To: *Roussanka Loukanova  
>>>> <rloukanova at gmail.com<mailto:rloukanova at gmail.com>>, Stefan Müller
>>>>     > <St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de<mailto:St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de>>
>>>>     > *Cc:  
>>>> *hpsg-l at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:hpsg-l at listserv.linguistlist.org>
>>>> <HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org>>
>>>>     > *Subject: *Re: [HPSG-L] Highly ambiguous sentences with lots of
>>>>     > quantifier scoipings and psycholinguistic work on underspeification
>>>>     >
>>>>     > Dear Stefan,
>>>>     >
>>>>     > There is evidence that comprehenders don’t compute all scopings:
>>>>     >
>>>>     >
>>>> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371*journal.pone.0081461__%3BLw!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf88ly5M3E%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770888609%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=q0r%2F8JcvKy4WXh2Z5i63wDNJPOUMWQA5bS%2FHiuA1sG8%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371*journal.pone.0081461__;Lw!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf88ly5M3E$><https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371*journal.pone.0081461__;Lw!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r
>>>> 8e
>>>> 8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf88ly5M3E$>
>>>>
>>>>     >
>>>>     > --
>>>>     >
>>>>     > Rui P. Chaves (he/him)
>>>>     > Chair and Professor of Linguistics
>>>>     > Director of Undergraduate and Graduate Studies for the
>>>>     Computational
>>>>     > Linguistics BS and MS Programs
>>>>     >
>>>>     > University at Buffalo, SUNY
>>>>     >
>>>>     >
>>>> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acsu.buffalo.edu%2F*rchaves%2F__%3Bfg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770902014%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=rvWwiqR2Oj5vC1%2BvadTbHCUvIjlXpRdXJoKMtRC%2Bado%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/*rchaves/__;fg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M$><https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/*rchaves/__;fg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M$>
>>>>
>>>>     >
>>>> <https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acsu.buffalo.edu%2F*rchaves%2F__%3Bfg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770914902%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=Wi5HIJId8AZt%2FjLbDnxM1T45UJsVzUGhaDg2c%2B5%2FsVc%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/*rchaves/__;fg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8CzIEY6M$>
>>>>     >
>>>>     >
>>>>     > *From: *HPSG-L  
>>>> <hpsg-l-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:hpsg-l-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>>  
>>>> on
>>>>     behalf of
>>>>     > Roussanka Loukanova  
>>>> <rloukanova at gmail.com<mailto:rloukanova at gmail.com>>
>>>>     > *Date: *Monday, March 10, 2025 at 8:25 AM
>>>>     > *To: *Stefan Müller  
>>>> <St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de<mailto:St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de>>
>>>>     > *Cc:  
>>>> *hpsg-l at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:hpsg-l at listserv.linguistlist.org>
>>>> <HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org>>
>>>>     > *Subject: *Re: [HPSG-L] Highly ambiguous sentences with lots of
>>>>     > quantifier scoipings and psycholinguistic work on underspeification
>>>>     >
>>>>     > Hi Stefan,
>>>>     > Hi Everyone,
>>>>     >
>>>>     > Your questions are extra interesting. I'm very much interested
>>>>     in the
>>>>     > answers.
>>>>     >
>>>>     > And, of course, I'm looking forward to your revised HPSG book!
>>>>     >
>>>>     > I work on Type Theory of Recursion, including its varieties of
>>>>     Type Theory
>>>>     > of Acyclic Recursion / Algorithms (TTAR / TTAA). TTAR provides
>>>>     > mathematical  and algorithmic foundations of Syntax-Semantics
>>>>     (SynSem) in
>>>>     > Computational Grammars (CompGrs).
>>>>     >
>>>>     > The relational extensions of TTAA to Dependent-Type Theory of
>>>>     Situated
>>>>     > Info
>>>>     > (DTTSI) directly provides math, i.e., algorithmic foundations,
>>>>     of  MRS and
>>>>     > its SynSem in HPSG.
>>>>     >
>>>>     > In all the versions of  TTAR / TTAA and DTTSI, I include
>>>>     > underspecification.
>>>>     >
>>>>     > Best Regards,
>>>>     > Roussanka
>>>>     >
>>>>     >
>>>>     > On Mon, 10 Mar 2025 at 12:22, Stefan Müller
>>>> <St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de<mailto:St.Mueller at hu-berlin.de>>
>>>>     > wrote:
>>>>     >
>>>>     > > Hi,
>>>>     > >
>>>>     > > I remember that people working with the grammar matrix and
>>>>     large scale
>>>>     > > implementations reported natural occurring sentence with an
>>>>     enormous
>>>>     > > amount of readings. Something in the range of 100.000
>>>>     scopings. Is this
>>>>     > > documented somewhere in print?
>>>>     > >
>>>>     > > Is there psycholinguistic research showing that humans do not
>>>>     work with
>>>>     > > specific readings but leave scopings underspecified (maybe to
>>>>     a certain
>>>>     > > extend).
>>>>     > >
>>>>     > > I am revising my HPSG textbook and switching to MRS in this
>>>>     book now, so
>>>>     > > I am interested in this kind of information.
>>>>     > >
>>>>     > > Thanks a lot.
>>>>     > >
>>>>     > > Best wishes
>>>>     > >
>>>>     > >      Stefan
>>>>     > >
>>>>     > > _______________________________________________
>>>>     > > HPSG-L mailing list
>>>>     > >  
>>>> HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org>
>>>>     > >
>>>>     >
>>>> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fnam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com%2F%3Furl%3Dhttps*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l%26data%3D05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545337622*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C%26sdata%3D4CDFd3jV49zrGkDtdZH0kdv5JcYC3egTLAtU5GxsPW4*3D%26reserved%3D0__%3BJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8mz-8umc%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770927641%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=dW3g
>>>> qV
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>>>> <https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fnam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com%2F%3Furl%3Dhttps*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l%26data%3D05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545337622*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C%26sdata%3D4CDFd3jV49zrGkDtdZH0kdv5JcYC3egTLAtU5GxsPW4*3D%26reserved%3D0__%3BJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8mz-8umc%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770940347%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=Zmb
>>>> eE
>>>> m3mr2CJrjGKq8dz6%2BL%2FzbPKLx5Sz5odIhxE0vo%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l&data=05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545337622*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C&sdata=4CDFd3jV49zrGkDtdZH0kdv5JcYC3egTLAtU5GxsPW4*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8mz-8umc$><https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l&data=05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545337622*7CUnknown*7CTW FpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C&sdata=4CDFd3jV49zrGkDtdZH0kdv5JcYC3egTLAtU5GxsPW4*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8mz-8umc$>>      
>>>> >
>>>> <https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Fhpsg-l__%3B!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8IFxrgOM%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770952835%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=BN5ywbhqSlarq2RpfhQ%2FYGjFHVdjNvxUq5bAePakCIg%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/hpsg-l__;!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8IFxrgOM$>
>>>>     >
>>>>     > >
>>>>     > _______________________________________________
>>>>     > HPSG-L mailing list
>>>>     >  
>>>> HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org>
>>>>     >
>>>> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fnam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com%2F%3Furl%3Dhttps*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l%26data%3D05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545362731*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C%26sdata%3D3EP*2BK2Ejp07qvqO*2FvOF6rSwOW1HQKXvD3aWeqSnFIaI*3D%26reserved%3D0__%3BJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8JveBGbQ%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770964911%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sda
>>>> ta
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>>>> <https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Fnam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com%2F%3Furl%3Dhttps*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l%26data%3D05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545362731*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C%26sdata%3D3EP*2BK2Ejp07qvqO*2FvOF6rSwOW1HQKXvD3aWeqSnFIaI*3D%26reserved%3D0__%3BJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8JveBGbQ%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770977385%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sd
>>>> at
>>>> a=sCZ49urzuNUIFqiZVDNp%2FMh6v0cD1KyQDA3jGDP4qfw%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l&data=05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545362731*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C&sdata=3EP*2BK2Ejp07qvqO*2FvOF6rSwOW1HQKXvD3aWeqSnFIaI*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8JveBGbQ$><https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Flistserv.linguistlist.org*2Fcgi-bin*2Fmailman*2Flistinfo*2Fhpsg-l&data=05*7C02*7Crchaves*40buffalo.edu*7Ca8b9b7346347478f06f008dd5fceb14c*7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250*7C0*7C0*7C638772063545362731*7C Unknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ*3D*3D*7C0*7C*7C*7C&sdata=3EP*2BK2Ejp07qvqO*2FvOF6rSwOW1HQKXvD3aWeqSnFIaI*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8JveBGbQ$>>      
>>>> >
>>>> <https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Fhpsg-l__%3B!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8IFxrgOM%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888770990790%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=AnUy6GEzZxv9yNuTQgycJjiJ5XKrXL1scuVwEffkaY0%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/hpsg-l__;!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8IFxrgOM$>
>>>>     >
>>>>     >
>>>>     _______________________________________________
>>>>     HPSG-L mailing list
>>>> HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:HPSG-L at listserv.linguistlist.org>
>>>> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.com%2Fv3%2F__https%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Fhpsg-l__%3B!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8IFxrgOM%24&data=05%7C02%7Crchaves%40buffalo.edu%7Cf6aa58da456645e43cdc08dd608eb753%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638772888771003422%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=F4dxIuEbpNcCmwwrZL6M93XLqn1U3U2aBCh207UK7eU%3D&reserved=0<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/hpsg-l__;!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6sxcWf8IFxrgOM$><https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/hpsg-l__;!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!mPAi5C1HHo3E9FbgFknLV1atAM-iwf0T-92yDt4r8e8_3IBw6V8u0JA2FXttB3auQ2jHnpfjZ6
>>>> sx
>>>> cWf8IFxrgOM$>
>>>>
>>>>
>>> _______________________________________________
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