Spanish substrate/A

[Rick Mc Callister]

A while back I had threatened Larry, Miguel & Theo with this list
Like the list for Germanic, these are only possibilities
well, some are more possible than others
some arrive via other languages, e.g. Latin
Some will make Larry see red :>
BUT I'm sure he will again be kind enough to send me corrections
Some will be obvious errors to everyone but me :>
Please excuse my typos

This one will take much longer to prepare than the pre-IE Germanic but I
did read through Corominas [1980]
I've included everything that he either lists as non-IE or unknown but have
excluded known Arabic roots and other known adstrate

Again, I'd like your suggestions, comments and contributions

I've included Spanish & English because I'd like to eventually post this in
both languages

Possible non-IE etymologies in Ibero-Romance /pre-1600

abarca "sandal" s. X < pre-rom. [c]
rel. con vasco abarka; raíz de alpargata [sandal] [c]
pre-Romance, Basque origin [abi, wje]

abril < Latin aprilis < Etruscan aprun [lrp]
abrir from same root? [rmcc]

acnua Classical Latin word peculiar to Spain < ? [wje]

ademán "gesture" c. 1290, originalmente "falsedad, ficción", [c]
después "gesto afectado" [affected gesture] < ¿? [c]

-aecu > -ecu > -iego [pre-Roman suffix] [abi]

agalla "gill" [of fish, etc.], "gall" [of tree] c. 1400 "branquia de pez"
[fish gill], 1495 "amígdala" [adenoid]; [c]
galla "costado de la cabeza del ave" [side of a bird's head], "testículo",
"ánimo esforzado" ["gung-ho, enthusiastic"], < ¿?; [c]
rel. con gallego garla, [c]
cat. ganya, [c]
sardo ganga "branquia, glándula" [gill, gland]< ¿latín glándula? [c]
?rel. to Eng. gall "lump on tree, leaf" [rmcc]

agavanzo "wild rose' [PL]
c. 1100 gabânso < pre-rom; [c]
rel. con vasco gaparra, kaparra "zarza, chaparro" & gavarra, [c]
aragonés garrabera, [c]
gascón gabarro & gabardero [c]
rel. to alcaparra [caper]? [rmcc]

álabe "paddle of a water wheel", "branch fallen to the ground" [PL]
s. XIII "ala o lado del tejado de una tienda de campaña" romance < ¿?; [c]
v. rumano áripâ [c]

álamo "poplar tree" 1218, [c]
port. álemo < pre-rom. < ¿celta *almo?; [c]
¿rel. con olmo [elm]? [c]

alano "mastiff" s. XV "lebrel grande y feroz" [large fierce mastiff], [c]
alán 1200-50 < ¿gótico alans "crecido, grande"? [c]

alarido "yell, lament" < ¿? [c]

aliso "alder" 976, 1330 < pre-rom, pre-celta [c]

almeja "clam" 1423, [c]
port. amêijoa s. XIII < ¿? [c]

alud "mudslide" 1880 pre-rom; [c]
rel. con vasco luta, lurte "desmoronamiento de tierras", [c]
v. lur "tierra", elur "nieve" [c]

amar, amigo, amor < Latin amare, amore-, amicus < Etruscan [cw, pb]

amelga "strip of land denoted to cast the seed equally" [sic] s. XIII "faja
de terreno que el labrador señala para esparcir la simiente con igualdad"
[strip of land denoted by the farmer to cast the seed equally] enbelga, [c]
leonés ambelga "foso de límites que rodea un terreno" [ditch around a
field] s. XIII < ¿celta *ambelica? [c]

amma Classical Latin word peculiar to Spain < ? [cw, wje]

-anca pre-Roman suffix [wje]

andén "platform" 1406 Iberia , Francia, Italia < *andagine < ¿? [c]

ángel < Latin angelus < Greek angelos "messenger,"
akin to Greek angaros "mounted courier,"
both from unknown source [cw]

añicos "pieces into which something is torn" [PL]
c. 1600 ibero-romance < *ann- ¿?; [c]
v. galêgo & port anaco, naco "pedazo", [c]
cat. anyoa "racimo, mazo" [c]
naco "dirt clod, hick, nerd" in Mexico [rmcc]

aparia Classical Latin word peculiar to Spain < ? [wje]

apitascus Classical Latin word peculiar to Spain < ? [wje]

arándano "blueberry" 1726, s. XI "adelf" [sic] < ¿?, [c]
compara con vasco arán "endrino" [c]
pre-rom. raíz de arán [c]

archivo, archi-, etc. < Greek arhein, "To begin, rule, command."
Greek verb of unknown origin;
with derivatives arkhé, "rule, beginning" and arkhos "ruler." [cw]

ardilla "squirrel" 1620 < harda s. XIII,
found in cast. beréber, hispanoárabe, vasco
v. beréber 'aghárda "ratón campestre" [c]
cast. garduña c. 1330 < pre-rom. [c]

ardite "small coin" 1400 "moneda de poco valor" [c]
gascón ardit < ¿? [c]
rel. to Basque [wje]

argamasa "type of rustic cement" 1190 "mezcla de cal, arena y agua"
[mixture of lime, sand & water] Iberia < ¿? + latín masa; [c]
v. asturiano argayo "terreno al pie del monte" [field at the foot of the
mountain] [c]
cat. ant. aragall "barranco" c. 990. cat. xaragall [c]

árgoma "type of thorny leguminous plant fed to cattle" [PL]
s. XIV "tipo de aliaga" pre-rom del norte y noreste [c]

arisco "rough, harsh" c. 1330 < ¿?,
v. port. areisco "arenisco" [c]
?rel. to arena "sand", in the sense of "sandpaper" or "sanding" [rmcc]

aro "hoop" s. XIII arrabal [suburb], [c]
port. 1258. occ. 883 < ¿pre-rom IE *aros "rueda, círculo? [c]

-arra, -arro, arda-, ardo- pre-Roman suffix [rl, wje]
"Western Mediterranean" also found in Sardinian
also in Sicilian geonyms Ukkara, Indara, Aipára,
perhaps in Latin words such as acerra "incense box," subarra & vacerra
"post, log." [lrp]

arrancar "to crank, rip from" c. 1140, [c]
cat. ant. renc, ant. fr. ranc < ¿germ.? [c]
?rel. to renco "lame, crippled"? [rmcc]

arroyo "stream" 775 < arrugia pre-rom "galería de mina donde circula agua"
[c, rl]
< rôgia, rûgia [wje]
see Fr. ruisseau "stream" [wje]
Friulan roie "stream" [wje]
Piedmontese roia [wje]
Italian rugia "watercourse" < "Alpine," Ligurian or Rhaetic [bm]

artesa "type of box" 1330 "cajón cuadrilongo de madera que es más angosto
hacia el fondo" pre-rom.; [c]
v. vasco artesi "grieta, agujero" [c]

arto "cambronera" < Basque arte "scrub oak." [rl]

-asca, -ascu pre-Roman suffix [rl]
Ligurian suffix; abundant in NC Spain, Mediterranian France, Northern Italy
and the Rhone valley < -sk- [abi, jr, lrp, wje]
also found in Lepontic [lrp]

ascua "live coal" 1251 "brasa viva" < ¿?, [c]
v. vasco ausko-a < huats "ceniza" < pre-rom [c]
Pre-Roman [wje]

asno "jackass" < Latin asinus < Mediterranean substrate [rc]
Latin asinus < Greek onos, "ass" [source of onagro "onager"]
probably < source of Sumerian anshe "ass"


asturco Classical Latin word peculiar to Spain < ? [wje]

atracar "to hoard, raise prices, rip off"; [c]
in Portuguese "to come"1587 "arrimar", Iberia, occ., genovés < ¿árabe? [c]

autumnal [Latinate form], see otoño < Latin autumnus < Etruscan autu [lrp]

avería "breakdown" also "damage caused to merchanise at sea" 1494, [c]
cat. 1258. genovés 1200, [c]
antes "contribución pública para compensar un prejuicio comercial" < ¿? [c]

avetoro "type of heron" < fr. butor < ¿? [c]

avión "airplane" c. 1330 "vencejo" < ¿gavión c. 1250? < ¿? [c]
rel to Latin apis? [rmcc]

-az pre-Roman suffux [rl]

azcona "dart" 1200-50 Iberia, occ. & vasco < ¿?, [c]
v. vasco azkon, antes aucona s. XII [c]

Sources:

Anderson, James M. Ancient Languages of the Hispanic Peninsula. Lanham MD:
UP America, 1988. [jma]

Baldi, Philip. An Introduction to the Indo-European Languages. Carbondale:
Southern Illinois UP, 1983. [pb]

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Porrúa, 1971. [abi]

Bruneau, Charles. Petite histoire de la langue française, 3me ed. Paris:
Armand Colin, 1962, 2 tomes. [cb]

Chadwick, John. The Decipherment of Linear B. NY: Random House, 1958. [jc/58]
---Linear B and Related Scripts. CAL, 1987. [jc/87]

Claiborne, Robert. The Roots of English. NY: Random, 1989. [rc]

Comrie, Bernard. The World's Major Languages. NY: Oxford UP, 1987. [bc]

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Elcock, W. D. The Romance Languages. NY: Macmillan, 1960.

Entwistle, William J. The Spanish Language. London: Faber and Faber, 1936.
[wje]

Green, John N. "Spanish" Martin and Vincent 79-130. [jng]

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Harris, Martin. "French," Martin and Vincent 209-245. [mh]

Lapesa, Rafael. Historia de la lengua española, 5a ed. Madrid: Escelicer,
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1989.[jpm]

Migliorini, Bruno. The Italian Language. NY: Barnes and Noble, 1966. [bm]

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Pequeño Larrouse [PL]

Redfern, James. A Lexical Study of Raeto-Romance and Contiguous Italian
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