Novedad =?ISO-8859-1?Q?bibliogr=E1fica?=: ANIPA, K. A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF LINGUISTIC VARIATION IN GOLDEN-AGE SPANISH. New York: Peter Lang
Carlos Subirats Rüggeberg
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Novedad bibliográfica:
ANIPA, Kormi. 2001. A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF LINGUISTIC VARIATION
IN GOLDEN-AGE SPANISH. New York: Peter Lang (ISBN: 0-8204-5039-1; price:
$57.95)
De: Kormi Anipa <ka17 at st-andrews.ac.uk>
____________________________________________________________________
BOOK SYNOPSIS
It has been received knowledge that Golden-Age Spanish underwent
rapid change. Contending that this notion stems from lack of proper
variation studies, this book reviews the concepts of change and
variation in modern sociolinguistics and then examines Golden-Age
Spanish in a new light. Using a pioneering approach, which combines
linguistic works from 1492 to 1625 with contemporary literature, the
process of comparison and microscopic contrastive analysis that
permeates this work is carried out both within and between the two
sources. This book essentially highlights linguistic continuity and
demonstrates that, outside the confines of written norms, most of the
so-called archaisms in Spanish during that period continued to be an
active part of speakers' linguistic repertoire.
SUMMARY
Objectives
Based on a careful analysis of the writings of Spanish Renaissance
grammarians, this book primarily seeks to test, through case studies in
Golden-Age Spanish, the linguistic concept of variation as an inherent
characteristic of languages. The Golden Age has generally been
represented as the period during which Spanish underwent rapid change;
but given that linguistic change is only one side of the phenomenon of
variation, it is hoped that the present research, which focuses on
resistance to change, can be helpful in establishing a better
understanding of the language during that period and also shed new light
on the methodology of its description.
One interesting fact of linguistic variation is that speakers
exploit variant forms for various functional purposes in their
communicative performances. In this respect, the study also aims to
investigate possible reasons for the endurance of some less favoured
variants in the language during that period and the functions, if any,
they might have played in usage.
Scope and Data
Variables
a. So/soy; estó/estoy; do/doy; vo/voy--variants of the first person
singular present indicative forms of SER, ESTAR, DAR and IR
b. Cayo/caigo, caya/caiga; trayo/traigo, traya/traiga; oyo/oigo,
oya/oiga; huyo/huigo; huya/huiga--variants of the indicative and
subjunctive forms of CAER, TRAER, OÍR and HUIR
c. Haber vs tener
d. Syncope, epenthesis and metathesis in the future and conditional
inflections of certain disyllabic verbs
e. The plural imperative inflection (as in mirá and mirad)
f. Address formulae (particularly TÚ, VOS, ÉL/ELLA, the bare verb form,
and VUESTRA MERCED)
Sources
a. Linguistic works between 1492 and 1625
i. Antonio de Nebrija (1492);
ii. Juan de Valdés (1535);
iii. Anónimo de Lovaina (1555);
iv. Anónimo de Lovaina (1559);
v. Antonius Corranius (1586);
vi. William Stepney (1591);
vii. César Oudin (1597);
viii. Iohn Minsheu (1599);
ix. John Sanford (1611);
x. Ambrosio de Salazar (1614);
xi. Jerónimo de Texeda (1619);
xii. Juan de Luna (1623);
xiii. Gonzalo Correas (1625).
(b) Literary texts from the same period
i. Francisco Delicado's Retrato de la Lozana andaluza (1524).
ii. The Anonymous Lazarillo de Tormes (1554);
iii. Mateo Alemán's Guzmán de Alfarache, Part I (1598);
iv. Miguel de Cervantes's Rinconete y Cortadillo (1601);
v. Francisco de Quevedo's El Buscón (1604).
Approach
Data Collection
a. Extracting from the grammars relevant information about the variables
b. Counting occurrences of the variables in the literary texts
Analysis
a. Grammars
i. Scrutiny of grammarians' attestations, which are examined
individually in the first instance; their accounts are then summarized
in a tabular form. Each comment is subjected to a rigorous process of
examination.
ii. As the analysis proceeds, brief comparisons are made (usually based
on a work or works previously treated) either to establish basic
differences or to attempt to make predictions about possible patterning
of variation. It is hoped that by the time that all the grammars have
been examined, a substantial amount of information will have been
brought out through the accumulation of such predictions, etc.
b. Literary texts
Examination of the occurrences of the variables in the literary
texts. The occurrences are presented in a tabular form, according to the
variants in question and in a chronological order of the dates of
publication of the texts. A statement is then issued regarding the
relationship between the general pattern of occurrences in the texts and
the patterns found in the grammars. This is followed by an analysis of
the broad communicative contexts in which the features are used in the
literary texts. It is hoped that through contextual analysis of the
speech act, the larger discourse and the pragmatic situations in which
the uses occur, it may be possible to gain some insight into
distributional and functional status of those features, which, in turn,
might be used to explain why the less favoured variants were able to
survive alongside their preferred counterparts, and also to justify
attestations of the grammarians about the long survival of variants,
which may be at odds with accepted knowledge about the features, or with
literary usage.
c. Summary
Based on the results of the analyses of each variable, general
conclusions are drawn, with the aim of summarizing the degree of
variation found and possible bases--linguistic or extra-linguistic--for
the variation during the period. Indications of mechanisms of change
discerned from the analyses are also pointed out.
Conclusion
It has been ascertained that beyond the limited scope of written
(literary) norms, most of what have generally been treated as archaic
features in Early Modern (i.e. Golden-Age) Spanish did continue to be
commonly used in everyday speech across all the social strata of the
speech community. This discovery harmonizes with the comprehensive new
theory of variability--the Tug-of-War Theory--developed in Chapter One to
address the disequilibrium that exists in the treatment of the
phenomenon of variation and serve as the underpinning for the study as a
whole.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Kormi Anipa is Lecturer in Spanish at the University of St Andrews
in Scotland (United Kingdom). He received his Ph.D. in historical
sociolinguistics from the University of Cambridge. In addition to
articles in professional journals, he is the author of a short novel in Ewe.
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES xvii
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Scope
1.3 Data
1.3.1 Special Characteristics of the Arte grande
1.3.2 Special Characteristics of Lozana
1.4 Methodology
1.4.1 Linguistic Proscription by the Back Door
1.5 Variation Theorizing
1.5.1 The Tug-of-war Theory of Variability: Speaker-Innovation Vs
Speaker-Resistance
1.5.1.1 Force A: Speaker-Innovation and Linguistic Change
1.5.1.2 Force B: Speaker-Resistance and Linguistic Continuity
1.5.1.3 A Grey Area
1.6 Summary
CHAPTER TWO: The Linguistic Debate and Related Issues in Golden-Age pain
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Norms and Authority
2.3 Socio-Geographical Criteria
2.4 Literary Criteria
2.5 Humanism
2.6 National Consciousness and Cultural Hegemony
2.7 The Printing Press
2.8 Competing Regional Norms
2.9 Summary
CHAPTER THREE: Ser, Estar, Dar, Ir
3.1 The Variables
3.2 Grammars
3.2.1 Nebrija (1492)
3.2.2 Valdés (1535)
3.2.3 Sanford (1611)
3.2.4 Correas (1625)
3.2.5 Other Grammars
3.3 Literary Texts
3.3.1 Examples
3.3.2 Stylistic Explanations
3.3.3 Socio-Psychological Explanations
3.3.3.1 Self-Condescension
3.3.3.2 Linguistic Convergence
3.3.3.3 Emotional Explanations
3.3.3.4 Unpleasant State of Mind
3.3.3.5 Pretence
3.3.3.6 Exceptions
3.3.3.7 Social Explanations
3.3.3.8 Unknown Factors
3.4 Summary
CHAPTER FOUR: Caer, Traer, Oír, Huir
4.1 The Variables
4.2 Grammars
4.2.1 Nebrija (1492)
4.2.2 Anónimo (1555)
4.2.3 Anónimo (1559)
4.2.4 Corranius (1586)
4.2.5 Oudin (1597)
4.2.6 Minsheu (1599)
4.2.7 Sanford (1611)
4.2.8 Texeda (1619)
4.2.9 Luna (1623)
4.2.10 Correas (1625)
4.3 Literary Texts
4.3.1 Lozana
4.3.2 Guzmán I
4.4 Summary
CHAPTER FIVE: The Verb Haber
5.1 The Variable
5.2 Status of Haber
5.3 Grammars
5.3.1 Valdés (1535)
5.3.2 Stepney (1591)
5.3.3 Oudin (1597)
5.3.4 Minsheu (1599)
5.3.5 Sanford (1611)
5.3.6 Texeda (1619)
5.3.7 Luna (1623)
5.3.8 Correas (1625)
5.4 Literary Texts
5.4.1 Lozana
5.4.2 Lazarillo
5.4.3 Guzmán I
5.4.4 Rinconete
5.4.5 Buscón
5.4.6 Garcilaso (15??)
5.4.7 Used with Menester
5.4.8 Used with Words of Sensation
5.4.9 Used as Possible Fixed Idioms
5.4.10 Possible Free Variation
5.4.11 Possible Rhetorical Motivation
5.5 Summary
CHAPTER SIX: Future and Conditional
6.1 The Variables
6.2 Syncope, Epenthesis, Metathesis
6.3 Grammars
6.3.1 Nebrija (1492)
6.3.2 Valdés (1535)
6.3.3 Salazar (1614)
6.3.4 Texeda (1619)
6.3.5 Luna (1623)
6.3.6 Oudin (1597)
6.3.7 Minsheu (1599)
6.3.8 Sanford (1611)
6.3.9 Correas (1625)
6.3.9.1 Devría and Debería: A Case of Homonymic Clash and Lexical Fusion
6.4 Literary Texts
6.4.1 Lozana
6.4.2 Lazarillo
6.4.3 Guzmán I
6.4.4 Rinconete
6.4.5 Buscón
6.4.6 Comments
6.4.7 Possible Emotion Markers
6.5 Summary
6.6 The Synthetic and Analytic Future/Conditional
6.7 Grammars
6.7.1 Nebrija (1492)
6.7.2 Valdés (1535)
6.7.3 Oudin (1597)
6.7.4 Minsheu (1599)
6.7.5 Correas (1625)
6.8 Literary Texts
6.8.1 Lozana
6.8.2 Lazarillo
6.8.3 Rinconete
6.8.4 Buscón
6.8.5 The Analytic Future/Conditional with Tener
6.8.6 The Other Examples
6.9 Summary
CHAPTER SEVEN: Plural Imperative
7.1 The Variable
7.2 Grammars
7.2.1 Nebrija (1492)
7.2.2 Valdés (1535)
7.2.3 Other Grammars
7.2.4 Correas (1625)
7.3 Literary Texts
7.3.1 Lozana
7.3.2 Lazarillo
7.3.3 Guzmán I
7.3.4 Rinconete
7.3.5 Buscón
7.3.6 Constrained by Monosyllabic Verbs
7.3.7 Cross-Phenomenal Constraints
7.3.8 Semantic Constraints
7.4 Summary
CHAPTER EIGHT: Address Formulae
8.1 The Variable
8.2 The Controversy
8.3 Approach to the Analysis
8.4 Grammars
8.4.1 Valdés (1535)
8.4.2 Oudin (1597)
8.4.3 Minsheu (1599)
8.4.4 Stepney (1591)
8.4.5 Sanford (1611)
8.4.6 Covarrubias (1611)
8.4.7 Salazar (1622)
8.4.8 Correas (1625)
8.4.9 Comments
8.5 Literary Texts
8.5.1 Address Switching
8.5.1.1 Socio-psychological Motivation: Example 8.5 (1)
8.5.1.2 Motivation through Flattery: Example 8.5 (2)
8.5.1.3 Motivation through Convergence: Example 8.5 (11)
8.5.1.4 Motivation through Politeness: Examples 8.5 [12 (i, ii, iii &
iv)]
8.5.1.5 Stylistic Motivation: Examples in 8.5 (14)
8.5.1.6 Possible Sexist Motivation
8.5.2 Address Mixing
8.5.2.1 Constrained by Pretence: Examples 8.5 (3 & 4)
8.5.2.2 Constrained by Anxiety: Example 8.5 (4)
8.5.2.3 Grammatical Constraints: Example 8.5 (5)
8.5.2.4 Mitigating Devices: Example 8.5 (6)
8.5.2.5 Constrained by Hypocrisy: Examples 8.5 (7 & 8)
8.5.2.6 Constrained by Persuasion: (Dialogue in 8.4.4)
8.5.2.7 Third Person Pronoun Address and Grammatical Dilemma: Example 8.5 (10)
8.5.2.8 Disambiguating Devices: Example 8.5 (9)
8.6 Summary
CHAPTER NINE: Conclusions
9.1 General
9.2 Limitations
9.3 Contributions
9.3.1 Theory and Hypotheses
9.3.2 Methodology
9.3.3 Further Contributions
9.4 Future Research
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
PEDIDOS:
Peter Lang, New Yord: http://www.peterlang.com
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