non-nons

[Aurolyn Luykx]

Hi Stan,
I share your skepticism about "non-nons", and also the
experience of hearing the term used to describe
indigenous language speakers/emerging bilinguals (in
Bolivia). But,  often I would hear such speakers use
it to describe themselves, in the context of their
experience of being forced (usually in school) to
supress their L1, without ever enjoying adequate
opportunities to learn the L2.

My sense is that what's really happening with
"non-nons" is that they speak non-standard varieties
of each of their two languages, and thus aren't
recognized as "proper" speakers of anything.  On the
other hand, I'm inclined to give some credence to the
testimonies of folks who identify THEMSELVES as
"non-nons." Of course internalized linguistic
discrimination can account for some of it, but I also
knew plenty of folks who didn't feel 100% fluent in
Quechua because they'd been discouraged from speaking
it since childhood, and also felt unsure in Spanish,
in which they had quite a limited vocabulary, often
used words inappropriately, etc. Many indigenous
parents are pressured into using a fairly rudimentary
L2 to communicate with their children, with sad
consequences for both language acquisition and
parent-child communication. In any case, questions of
fluency always need to refer to a specific CONTEXT or
domain -- even those of my students who were fluent
bilinguals had a lot of trouble discussing academic
topics in Quechua, as well as difficulty discussing
certain cultural domains in Spanish.
Aurolyn Luykx

--- Anonby <stan-sandy_anonby at sil.org> wrote:

> Interesting.  The "non-nons" sounds like that
> article on "semilinguals" in
> Sweden.  The idea caught on very well among
> non-linguists.  I hear it a lot
> here in Brazil to describe the speech of Indians who
> are shifting to
> Portuguese, and I've heard it in Canada do describe
> Inuit who are shifting
> to English.  But I thought subsequent research was
> never able to prove there
> was any such thing as semilingualism.
>
> Stan Anonby
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "Harold F. Schiffman"
> <haroldfs at ccat.sas.upenn.edu>
> To: "Language Policy-List"
> <lgpolicy-list at ccat.sas.upenn.edu>
> Sent: Friday, September 10, 2004 2:53 PM
> Subject: Program enlists Santa Ana parents as 'first
> teachers'
>
>
> >
>
http://www.latimes.com/news/local/state/la-me-reading6sep06
> >
> > Language Series Speaks to Families
> > Program enlists Santa Ana parents as 'first
> teachers' to help their
> > children develop skills.
> >
> > By Joel Rubin
> > Times Staff Writer
> >
> > September 6, 2004
> >
> > As he has done twice a week for months, 3-year-old
> David Damasio nestled
> > himself between his mother and Ines Victor on the
> family couch in a
> > cramped Santa Ana apartment. Victor opened a
> children's book and began
> > reading in Spanish to the wide-eyed boy, pausing
> frequently to gently
> > pepper him with questions about the story line.
> "Rojo, gris!"  red, gray
> > David said in his native tongue, pointing to
> colored hats on the page.
> >
> > Throughout, Victor kept an eye on Sonia, David's
> mother, to ensure she was
> > paying attention. She pressed the quiet woman to
> mimic her and ask David
> > questions. In coming years, when David enters
> Santa Ana's public schools,
> > he probably will be taught entirely in English. To
> prepare him for that
> > day, he and his mother are working with Victor as
> part of an unusual
> > outreach program rooted in a city with one of the
> country's most
> > concentrated Latino immigrant populations.
> >
> > Started four years ago by UC Irvine cognitive
> scientist Virginia Mann,
> > HABLA helps impoverished Latino immigrant parents
> who often don't know how
> > to build their young children's language skills.
> "Parents are the first
> > teachers, but a lot of these parents don't know
> what to do," Mann said.
> > "We know these early years are when children start
> to learn languages, and
> > if Spanish is the only language you are able to
> teach them in, then that
> > is what you have to do. If a child has language
> skills in Spanish, it will
> > translate into English."
> >
> > HABLA (Home-based Activities Building Language
> Acquisition) serves about
> > 250 families nearly all immigrants from Mexico
> with children between 2 and
> > 4. There are no firmly defined eligibility
> requirements, but Mann and her
> > staff consider only parents with little education
> and low incomes. The
> > mean income for HABLA families is $16,000, and
> parents typically have
> > eight or fewer years of schooling and little
> command of English. Home
> > visitors like Victor work with families over two
> six-month sessions.
> > They bring a Spanish-language book or a toy to
> each half-hour lesson,
> > which is used as the day's learning tool and then
> given to the family.
> > Through reading and play, the home visitors
> demonstrate to parents how to
> > engage their children in the freewheeling
> conversations that help develop
> > a child's vocabulary and language skills.
> >
> > Mann cited research that shows that economically
> disadvantaged parents
> > speak about 300 fewer words each hour to their
> children than more affluent
> > parents do. "There is a vacuum of language, a real
> loss of words." And
> > while early-intervention reading programs similar
> to HABLA have existed in
> > English for years, state education officials said
> Mann's program was one
> > of only a few in California conducted in Spanish
> and that offered home
> > visits.
> >
> > Mann and other child development experts said
> research has made clear that
> > young children who build a foundation of skills in
> their native language
> > are able to learn a second language more quickly.
> "These children will
> > learn English," said Linda Espinoza, a professor
> at the University of
> > Missouri who studies early language development.
> "The question is, will
> > they have the opportunity early on to expand their
> vocabulary and to learn
> > to think abstractly?"
> >
> > In Latino immigrant homes, the answer is often no.
> Espinoza and Harry
> > Pachon, a professor of public policy at USC, said
> undereducated parents
> > whose own parents did not read to them when they
> were young typically do
> > not know how to develop their children's language
> skills. The result, Mann
> > said, are one-way lines of communication in which
> parents often issue
> > orders and ask questions that require a yes-or-no
> response.
> >
> > "I didn't know how to teach my son," said Victor,
> who participated in
> > HABLA before she became a home visitor. "But I
> didn't want the same thing
> > to happen to him that happened to me  the first
> book that was ever read to
> > me was after I started school."
> >
> > Some parents are also reluctant to speak Spanish
> to their children out of
> > fear that it will retard their learning of
> English. Mary Baker, principal
> > of Madison Elementary School in Santa Ana, said
> that when a new class of
> > kindergartners arrives, her teachers can quickly
> tell which children do
> > not have skills in either language. "They often
> don't even know their
> > names," she said. "We call them 'non-nons,' "
> because they are non-English
> > and non-Spanish speakers.
> >
> > Such will not be the case for David Damasio. When
> they leave their
> > apartment, his mother said, they often discuss
> objects or places that he
> > recognizes from books. In similar scenarios with
> her older daughter, Sonia
> > Damasio said, there was silence.
> >
> > As her son rambled excitedly in Spanish, she
> repressed a chuckle and shook
> > her head wearily. "He talks so much," she said.
> >
> >
> >
>
http://www.latimes.com/news/local/state/la-me-reading6sep06
> >
>
>



		
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