Linguistically Significant Films

[Harold F. Schiffman]

Aurolyn,

Okay, why don't you handle this?  I'll circulate your message, and ask
people to respond to YOU, okay?  (I'm sort of swamped with emails right
now, including dozens of German (!) spam messages daily.) If we expand it
to include dialect and representations of non-standard lects, we'd have an
encyclopedia!

Hal

On Tue, 24 May 2005, Aurolyn Luykx wrote:

> Hi Hal,
> I wondered if you might like to make a list of
> linguistically significant fiction also! A favorite of
> mine is linguist/science fiction author Suzette Haydn
> Elgin's "Native Tongue" (and its sequel "The Judas
> Rose").
> Aurolyn
>
> --- "Harold F. Schiffman"
> <haroldfs at ccat.sas.upenn.edu> wrote:
>
> > Forwarded from: LINGUIST List 16.1639
> >
> >
> > Mon May 23 2005
> >
> > Sum: Linguistically Significant Films
> >
> > Editor for this issue: Maria Moreno-Rollins
> > <marialinguistlist.org>
> >
> >
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> > Message 1: Linguistically Significant Films
> > Date: 17-May-2005
> > From: Michael Barrie <mike.barrieutoronto.ca>
> > Subject: Linguistically Significant Films
> >
> >
> > I have received such a large number of replies to my
> > query on
> > linguistically significant films that I have
> > categorized them as shown
> > below. Thank-you to all who replied. I have also
> > incorporated the results
> > of the earlier list (
> >
> http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/7/7-1708.html
> > ) so as to create
> > one large master list. If a film fits into more than
> > one category, it is
> > listed in all relevant categories. Many films were
> > mentioned merely
> > because of the language the film is in. For example,
> > Atanarjuat was
> > offered because the enitre film is in Inuktitut.
> > Clearly, I cannot list
> > every film that happens to be in some language or
> > other, but films in
> > Inuktitut are few and far between, so I created a
> > category ''Films in
> > uncommonly screened languages''. Some people gave
> > lots of information
> > about the film in question...others a very brief
> > mention. The information
> > compiled below reflects this. If anyone wants more
> > information on a
> > particular film, I suggest going to
> > http://www.imdb.com to find out more.
> > Finally, I have decided to edit out extremely
> > little. Thus a film's
> > inclusion on this list may seem dubious to some;
> > however, I leave that for
> > the reader to decide.
> >
> > 0. Other sources
> >
> > Sum: Films and Documentaries on Endangered Languages
> > http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/16/16-1562.html
> >
> > Website for a course on Language and Popular Culture
> > (contains link to
> > film resources)
> >
> http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/popcult/syllabus.html
> >
> > 1. Fiction
> >
> > 1.1 Interesting characters/careers related to
> > linguistics
> >
> > Chan is Missing (directed by Wayne Wang), 1982 has a
> > sociolinguist
> > character based loosely on Deborah Tannen.
> >
> > There's a ''star Trek TNG episode with a deaf
> > character who uses telepathy
> > with 3 different people who ''interpret'' for him.
> > When they all die, Data
> > learns ASL in record time.
> >
> > C.J.Cherryh's ''Foreigner'' series, the fate of two
> > species depends on a
> > translator/diplomat. Bilingualism and a solid grasp
> > of grammar play an
> > important role in this series.
> >
> > Nell 1994 Michael Apted. A young girl has grown up
> > in isolation with her
> > mother, who is speechless as the result of a stroke.
> > After the death of
> > the
> > mother, she is forced to encounter the outside
> > world, where a cold-hearted
> > psyhologist is more interested in studying the
> > language-deprived Nell than
> > in helping her. Starring Jodie Foster.
> >
> > Clear & Present Danger (1994) - forensic linguistics
> >
> > The Fugitive (1993) - forensic linguistics & speech
> > recognition
> >
> > Ball of Fire 1941 Howard Hawks. A lexicographer
> > (Gary Cooper) realising
> > that the slang section of his dictionary is outdated
> > visits a nightclub in
> > order to update it. It turns out that the nightclub
> > singer is engaged to a
> > gangster on the run from the police.
> >
> > The exorcist 1973 William Friedkin. This horror
> > classic features linguists
> > from the Georgetown University linguistics
> > department decoding a message
> > from the devil by playing a tape backwards. In
> > reverse, the devil
> > apparently speaks standard American English.
> >
> > Barwy ochronne (Camouflage) 1977 Krzysztof Zanussi.
> > A Polish film in which
> > the action revolves around a linguistics summer
> > school.
> >
> > Iceman 1984 Fred Schepisi. A neandertal man is found
> > frozen into ice, is
> > defrosted, and found to be alive and kicking. His
> > guttural growls are
> > deciphered by an ''MIT linguist'', aided by a
> > ''Pitch-Stress Meter''.
> >
> > 1.2 Interesting/unlikely/bizarre linguistic
> > phenomena
> >
> > There's a ''star Trek TNG episode with a deaf
> > character who uses telepathy
> > with 3 different people who ''interpret'' for him.
> > When they all die, Data
> > learns ASL in record time.
> >
> > ''Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy'',has the concept
> > of the Babelfish,
> > which goes in your ear and ''translates'' - book, TV
> > series, radio series,
> > and film.
> >
> > Lost in Translation (2004) - linguistic contact
> >
> > _Kukushka_ (_The Cuckoo_) (2002), directed by
> > Aleksandr Rogozhkin. It's
> > about three people, a Finn, a Saami, & a Russian,
> > thrown together during
> > WWII with no lingua franca among them
> >
> > Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead - wordplay
> > abounds and is sometimes
> > anactual game on screen
> >
> > Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai. 1999.
> > Director/Writer: Jim Jarmusch.
> > (French/English miscommunication)
> >
> > ''Nirgendwo in Afrika'' (Nowhere in Africa). It has
> > nice illustrations of
> > bilingualism/multilingualism, code-switching, and
> > child L2 acquisition.
> >
> > A movie with Alan Arkin called Slums of Beverly
> > Hills has a made-up
> > language, game language, used by the two female
> > leads.
> >
> > My Cousin Vinny in intro classes. Working class NY
> > ''lawyer'' [Joe Pesci]
> > defends his road tripping cousin in a court of law
> > in Georgia. Famous for
> > the expression ''the two yoots (youths)''. Dialects
> > in contact, you could
> > call it.
> >
> > Sneakers 1992 Phil Alden Robinson. The film is about
> > cryptography, but
> > also
> > features an intriguing use of speaker
> > identification. Cast includes Robert
> > Redford, Sidney Poitier, Dan Aykroyd and River
> > Phoenix.
> >
> > ===(taken from posting on Language Endagerment)
> > Endangered Languages, language endangerment or
> > revitalization. I am aware
> > of two such productions: ''Vanishing Voices'' on
> > Chulym (Turkic) by
> > American PBS and ''De lste lden fan in taal'' (''The
> > last sounds of a
> > language'') by Frisian Television, also on Siberian
> > lgs, I believe.
> > ===(
> > http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/16/16-1441.html )
> >
> > El Norte. 1983. director: Gregory Nava.
> > (English, Spanish, and Maya used by Guatemalan
> > immigrants exhibit the
> > sociolinguistic complexity of their predicament)
> >
> > The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez. 1982. director:
> > Robert M. Young.
> > (languages in contact issue. It shows how the
> > mistranslation of a word by
> > an interpreter causes a man to be sent to jail.)
> >
> > Princess Caraboo. 1994. director: Michael Austin.
> > (language creation)
> >
> > Nell (1994) - woman grows up with impoverished
> > language and is then found
> > and taught
> >
> > Birth of a Nation (1982; 1997) - lip reading
> >
> > Look who's Talking (1989) - very early language
> > acquisition
> >
> > Name of the Rose (2003) - code switching
> >
> > Love Actually (2003) - Advanced L2 acquisition in 1
> > week
> >
> > Born to Be Wild 1995 John Gray. One of the two main
> > characters is a
> > gorilla
> > named Katie who is being taught sign language.
> >
> > 2001 (1968) - HAL understands Natural Language
> >
> > The Private life of Sherlock Holmes (1970) - parasol
> > code language
> >
> > Stargate. 1994. director: Roland
> > Emmerich.(historical linguistics, Ancient
> > Egyptian?)
> >
> > Pygmalion/My Fair Lady 1937 /38/64 various. George
> > Bernhard Shaw's
> > Pygmalion is familiar to most people.
> >
> > The phonetician Henry Higgins (played by Leslie
> > Howard in the 1938
> > version), one of the two main characters, is
> > modelled on real-life
> > linguist
> > Henry Sweet. The Dutch film version came in 1937,
> > followed by an English
> > one the year after. The musical version ''My Fair
> > Lady'' was filmed in
> > 1964
> > with Audrey Hepburn as Eliza.
> >
> > The Miracle Worker 1962 Arthur Penn. Depicts Helen
> > Keller's acquisition of
> > tactile sign language.
> >
> > L'enfant Sauvage (The Wild Child) 1969 Francois
> > Truffaut. The true story
> > about Victor, the language-deprived child found in
> > south-western France in
> > the late 18th century.
> >
> > Jeder fr sich und Gott gegen alle (The Enigma of
> > Kaspar Hauser) 1974
> > Werner Herzog. Based on the true story of the boy
> > found in Nuremberg in
> > the
> > early 19th century. Kaspar Hauser is known as one of
> > the few feral
> > children
> > who actually did learn to speak.
> >
> > Grand Illusion. 1937. director: Jean Renoir.
> > (use of French, German, and English as a marker of
> > social standing among
> > WWI prisoners of war)
> >
> > The Jennie Project 2001 Gary Nadeau. Two
> > anthropologists adopt a chimp,
> > raise it with their own children, and teach it
> > American Sign Language.
> >
> > Windtalkers 2002 John Woo. A dramatised version of
> > the actual use of
> > Navaho
> > as a secret radio code during
> >
> > World War II Pacific operations. Starring Nicholas
> > Cage.
> >
> > Enemy Mine. 1985. director: Wolfgang Petersen.
> > (sci-fi film with alien language acquisition)
> >
> > Mad Max: Beyond Thunderdome. 1985. director: George
> > Miller.
> > (includes a creole spoken by children)
> >
> > Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes.
> > 1984.
> > director: Hugh Hudson. (ape-man acquires language in
> > record time)
> >
> > Bladerunner. 1982. director: Ridley Scott.
> > (evidence of a futuristic linguafranca)
> >
> > Star Trek:TNG ''Darmok'' episode 102. 1991.
> > (alien language based upon metaphor and analogy)
> >
> > Quest for Fire. 1981. director: Jean-Jacques Annaud.
> > (early human language)
> >
> > A Great Wall. 1986. director: Peter Wang.
> > (cross-cultural communication in China)
> >
> > A Clockwork Orange. 1971. director: Stanley Kubrick.
> > (language change)
> >
> > 1.3 Films in Uncommonly screened languages or many
> > languages
> >
> > ''Beyond Silence'', a German film that contains DGS
> > (German Sign Language)
> >
> > Atanarjuat - Film in Inuktitut about the lives of
> > the Inuit before
> > European
> > contact.
> >
> > Lord of the Rings - it is said that Tolkien created
> > Middle Earth just to
> > explore and create new languages
> >
> > Land of the Lost TV series - learning the fictional
> > Paku language
> >
> > Night on Earth. 1991. Director/Writer: Jim Jarmusch.
> > (episodes in English,
> > German Pidgin English, French, Italian, and Finnish)
> >
> > Kill Bill. Vol 1/2. 2003/2004. Director: Quentin
> > Tarantino. (The Bride
> > speaks English, Japanese, and Chinese [Mandarin and
> > a bit of Cantonese -
> > The use of Cantonese in the film is to parody the
> > low-budget kung-fu films
> > from Hong Kong])
> >
> > ''Nu Shu: A Hidden Langauge of Women in China''. It
> > is about a secret
> > writing system used only by women in the Hunan
> > province. Here is a link to
> > a distributor if you want to add that info. to your
> > list. The distributor
> > has three other films that they categorize under
> > ''language/linguistics''
> > if you do a search.
> >
> > I haven't seen any of them and so can't say whether
> > or not they are mainly
> > about language or not.
> > http://www.wmm.com/catalog/pages/c473.htm
> >
> > Time of the Gypsies Dom za vesanje (1988) Directed
> > by Emir Kusturica.
> > Bosnia This may be the only movie ever to be shown
> > with subtitles in every
> > country it ever played in. A bit melodramatic, but I
> > would be hard pressed
> > to find another movie where all the characters spoke
> > Romani.
> > http://imdb.com/title/tt0097223
> >
> > The Missing (2003) (in which characters speak a
> > dialect of Apache)
> >
> http://www.cnn.com/2003/EDUCATION/12/16/native.speakers.ap/
> >
> > The Interpreter features a made-up African language
> > based on Shone and
> > Swahili, created by an African linguist in London.
> >
> > Daughters of the Dust. 1992. director: Julie Dash.
> > (film with lots of
> > Gullah, spoken on Dafauskie Island on the Georgia
> > coast.)
> >
> > The Last of the Mohicans (1992) - now extinct
> > [Iroquoian] language spoken
> >
> > The Passion of Christ (2004) - dead languages
> >
> > Trainspotting - endangered language and rude words
> >
> > 4 weddings & a funeral (1994) - sign language
> >
> > Dances with Wolves (with Kevin Kostner) - film about
> > a European explorer
> > who learns Dakota.
> >
> > El Norte. 1983. director: Gregory Nava.
> > (English, Spanish, and Maya used by Guatemalan
> > immigrants exhibit the
> > sociolinguistic complexity of their predicament)
> >
> > Children of a Lesser God. 1986. director: Randa
> > Haines. (ASL and lip
> > reading)
> >
> > The Gods Must be Crazy. 1981. director: Jamie Uys.
> > (language with clicks)
> >
> > Black Robe. 1991. director: Bruce Beresford.
> > (Algonquian language in the
> > 17th or 18th century)
> >
> > The Harder they Come. 1973. director: Perry Henzell.
> > (lots of Jamaican
> > creole)
> >
> > Picture Bride. 1994. director: Kayo Hatta.
> > (dialogue mostly Hawaiian plantation pidgin. some
> > discussion of
> > lexical differences)
> >
> > 1.4 Accents and Idiolectal phenomena
> >
> > Lord of the Rings trilogy for overall language
> > design - but particularly
> > for the Gollum character's
> >
> > language variety - hobbitses etc.
> >
> > Renee Zellweger in the Bridget Jones films
> >
> > Gwyneth Paltrow in Sliding Doors
> >
> > Kate Winslet in Holy Smoke (brilliant Australian
> > accent)
> >
> > Annette Bening in Being Julia (stunning 30's RP
> > accent).
> >
> > Mary Poppins (1964) - bad cockney
> >
> > Pygmalion. 1938. director: Anthony Asquith. (film
> > adaptation of G. B. Shaw
> > play about phonetician's relationship with dialect
> > modification)
> >
> > My Fair Lady. 1964. director: George Cukor. (musical
> > version of Pygmalion)
> >
> > Singing in the Rain. 1952. director: Gene Kelly,
> > Stanley Donen.
> > (dialect modification and phonetics)
> >
> > Riff Raff (1990) directed by Ken Loach. UK This film
> > about a group of
> > construction workers features working class
> > dialects. What was significant
> > about the film is that it had English language
> > subtitles for English
> > speaking audiences.
> > http://imdb.com/title/tt0100491/.
> >
> > Six Degrees of Separation (1993) directed by Fred
> > Schepisis. US A
> > retelling
> > of Pygmalion in a contemporary NYC setting. Worth
> > noticing for the
> > foregrounding of class and language.
> > http://imdb.com/title/tt0108149
> >
> > Road Scholar (1993) directed by Roger Weisberg. US
> > Poet and NPR
> > commentator
> > takes a road trip across the US shortly after
> > getting his driver's license
> > after being a pedestrian for twenty years. Language
> > and region are
> > foregrounded. Also features some American language
> > and culture.
> > http://imdb.com/title/tt0107974
> >
> > My Cousin Vinnie turns on a linguistic phenomenon.
> > In New York speech, a
> > sarcastic statement can be made in a flat intonation
> > ''yeah, I'm the bank
> > robber'' (read: ''yeah, I'm the bank robber, like
> > the pope is Hindu'') but
> > is interpreted unsarcastically, in this movie (by
> > non-New Yorkers, perhaps
> > unfamiliar with this style) as a confession. It's a
> > great example of
> > regional differences (or simply how intonation can
> > be ambiguous, and lead
> > to opposite claims, like the sentence ''I can't
> > recommend her highly
> > enough'' (from Fromkin Rodman &Hyams).
> >
> > ''THE APOSTLE'' starring Charles Duvall: Samples of
> > revival preaching
> > register in deep South (Texas, Louisiana) as well as
> > very authentic
> > samples
> > of deep South SWVE and AAVE. Also, ''Bullsworth'' a
> > White politician
> > trying to act and ''sound'' Black an attempt to
> > curry Black votes.
> >
> > Code 46, with Tim Robbins and Samantha Morton. All
> > the characters speak in
> > this language that is mostly English but freely
> > code-switches with Spanish
> > (primarily), French, Arabic and Chinese.
> >
> > 'Black and White', a 'based on a true story'
> > Australian flim featuring a
> > storyline where the defence argues that a
> > 'confession' presented to the
> > court in Standard Autralian English shouldn't be
> > admitted as it was highly
> > unlikely that this was an accurate representaion of
> > what the Aborignial
> > defendant could have produced. It even features the
> > linguist Strehlow (big
> > name in early Australian linguistics, and
> > anthropology) as an expert
> > witness. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0299547/
> >
> > South Park, The Movie (1997) - Canadian diphthong
> > (monopthongised);
> > sociolinguistics of taboo words
> >
> > A Thousand Clowns 1965 Fred Coe. Includes a dialect
> > identification
> > Wunderkind (''Upper East Side, but you spent a
> > couple of years in
> > Chicago'').
> >
> > Conceiving Ada 1997 Lynn Hershman-Leeson. A computer
> > genius manages to
> > communicate with the dead, and reaches Ada Lovelace,
> > a forerunner of sorts
> > for computational linguistics.
> >
> > 1.5 Other (humour, etc)
> >
> > Monty Python: Life of Brian. John Cleese as Roman
> > Officer explains Latin
> > grammar.
> >
> > Carry on X-ing (varied)- double entendre
> >
> > Trainspotting - endangered language and rude words
> >
> > Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964) - no speech, all song
> >
> > Star Trek films (1993;1996, etc) - linguist (Mark
> > Okrand) hired to create
> > Klingon
> >
> > Being John Malkovich (1999) - one word language
> >
> > South Park, The Movie (1997) - Canadian diphthong
> > (monopthongised);
> > sociolinguistics of taboo words
> >
> > The Private life of Sherlock Holmes (1970) - parasol
> > code language
> >
> > Robinson Crusoe on Mars. 1964. director: Byron
> > Haskin.(language teaching
> > to
> > an alien)
> >
> > The Statue 1971 Rodney Amateau. British linguist
> > wins the Nobel prize for
> > having invented a universal
> >
> > language (how come there is no such prize in real
> > life?). His wife is
> > commisioned to sculpt a statue of him, but she makes
> > it more endowed than
> > her linguist husband actually is.
> >
> > Het Dak van de Walvis (On Top of the Whale) 1982
> > Raoul Ruiz. Parody of
> > much
> > of western academia. A group of field linguists set
> > out to study an exotic
> > language which consists only of one single word,
> > which therefore means
> > everything.
> >
> > Sherman's March 1986 Ross McElwee. Features the
> > hippie linguist Winnie,
> > from whose mouth we have the following memorable
> > quote: ''I've told you
> > that for a very long time, I've believed that the
> > only important things in
> > life are linguistics and sex. So it's easy to see
> > how one would get
> > involved with a linguistics professor''.
> >
> > Stargate 1994 Roland Emmerich. American soldiers
> > (led by Kurt Russell) and
> > an Egyptologist are transported to a far-away planet
> > from where they have
> > difficulties getting home. Fortunately, a thorough
> > knowledge of
> > hieroglyphics proves useful.
> >
> > 1.6 Novels
> >
> > _Babel 17_, Sameul Delaney An alien race plans a
> > takeover of humanity via
> > corrupting language. Linguist hero must discover the
> > plot. (Delaney's
> > _Neveryona_ books also have some interesting stuff
> > on how language,
> > metaphor and symbolism might develop in early
> > civilisation.)
> >
> > _The Embedding_, Ian Watson Linguist hero is
> > exploring language embedding
> > processes. Aliens make contact with Earth,
> > communicate using the
> > principles
> > of Universal Grammar and propose trade of
> > information,involving finding
> > unusual thought-language processes. (Actually a
> > highly ironic and bleak
> > tale.)
> >
> > _Snowcrash_, Neal Stephenson A language-is-a-virus
> > theme, set in a
> > cyberpunk future where computer viruses invade the
> > mind.
> >
> > _The Dispossessed_, Ursula Le Guin Set in twin
> > worlds with contrasting
> > societies, one a carefully balanced, austere
> > egalitarian collective, the
> > other a rigid, extravagant, hierarchical oligarchy,
> > with languages
> > reflecting/reflected by the social organisation. (Le
> > Guin's _Earthsea_
> > books are also interesting, using the
> > language-is-power theme for the
> > world's language of magic, i.e.
> > knowingsomething's/someone's true name
> > gives one power over it/them.)
> >
> > _Feersum Endjinn_, Iain M. Banks Partly first-person
> > narrative written in
> > `fonetik' style, supposedly portraying the
> > character's particular mode of
> > thought, a sort of see-things-as-they-are idea.
> >
> > _Out of the Silent Planet_, C.S. Lewis The
> > inhabitants of Mars cannot
> > conceive of unjust or immoral acts, and our hero has
> > to explain these
> > human
> > concepts to them in their own language which lacks
> > terms for them.
> >
> > _Startide Rising_, David Brin (And probably other
> > novels set in the same
> > universe: the Uplift series). A Universe with many
> > races and languages
> > (including a dozen or so artificial lingue franche)
> > where humans have made
> > dolphins intelligent, with their own language. They
> > speak in Haiku.
> >
> > _The Man-Kzin Wars_ series, Larry Niven Warrior race
> > of anthropomorphic
> > tigers speaks language reflecting their ethos ( la
> > Klingon).
> >
> > _Genetic Soldier_, George Turner A shipload of
> > scientists from the
> > near-future returns, due to relativity, to a more
> > distant-future
> > post-holocaust Earth where English has evolved -
> > linguist co-hero bridges
> > the gap.
> >
> > 1984, George Orwell - Government attempts to control
> > thought by
> > manipulating language. By making language simpler,
> > the idea is that people
> > will be less creative.
> >
> > Atlantis: the lost empire 2001 Gary Trousdale & Kirk
> > Wise. Disney
> > animation
> > in which a decipherer of ancient languages is
> > crucial to the finding of
> > the
> > lost continent. Michael J. Fox does the linguist's
> > voice.
> >
> > Conceiving Ada 1997 Lynn Hershman-Leeson. A computer
> > genius manages to
> > communicate with the dead, and reaches Ada Lovelace,
> > a forerunner of sorts
> > for computational linguistics.
> >
> > 2. Documentaries
> >
> > 2.1 Films on Language in general
> >
> > Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media
> > 1992 Mark Achbar & Peter
> > Wintonick. Yes, this documentary about the man
> > himself actually was shown
> > at the cinemas. As the title suggests, though, it is
> > more concerned with
> > Chomsky's political side than with linguistics. Ten
> > years later followed
> > Power and Terror: Noam Chomsky in Our Times,
> > directed by John Junkerman.
> >
> > The Human Language Series . 1995. director: Gene
> > Searchinger.
> > NY: Ways of Knowing.
> > part 1. Discovering Human Language
> > part 2. Acquiring Human Language
> > part 3. The Human Language Evolves
> > (general linguistics and linguistic theory)
> >
> > The Singer's Voice. 1993. By Joan Wall and Robert
> > Caldwell.
> > Dallas TX: Pst... Inc.
> >
> > The Secret of the Wild Child. 1994. director: Linda
> > Garmon.
> > (NOVA documentary about Genie)
> >
> > Signs of the Apes, Songs of the Whales. 1988.
> > director: Linda
> > Harrar. (Nova documentary about animal language)
> >
> > 2.2 Films on English
> >
> > PBS production of ''The Story of English''
> >
> > American Tongues. 1987.
> > By Andrew Kolker and Louis Alvarez. NY: Center for
> > New American
> > Media.
> >
> > 2.3 Films on other languages
> >
> > Stepping Razor Red X. 1992. director: Nicholas
> > Campbell.
> > (documentary with Jamaican Creole)
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
>
>
>  "The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little." -- Franklin Delano Roosevelt
>
>
>
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