[Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories

Wed Mar 20 22:48:53 UTC 2019

Hi all,

This seems like a good opportunity to make a plug for this nice paper by
Andy Pawley, which hasn't gotten the attention it deserves:

Pawley, Andrew. 2010. Helter skelter and ñugl ñagl: English and Kalam
rhyming jingles and the psychic unity of mankind. In Kenneth McElhanon &
Ger Reesink (eds.), *A mosaic of languages and cultures: Studies
celebrating the career of Karl J. Franklin *(SIL E-Books 19), 273–293.
Dallas: SIL International.

It's available online at <
https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/9253>

Best,
Don

On Wed, Mar 20, 2019 at 3:38 PM Heath Jeffrey <schweinehaxen at hotmail.com>
wrote:

> An alternative superior to fuzzy "comparative concepts" is to start with
> well-defined functions rather than form classes. Consider the following
> phenomena, some of which have been lumped together as ideophones:
>
> a) onomatopoieas (thud, thwap, cock-a-doodle-doo);
> b) lexicalized forms denoting striking visual and other nonauditory
> sensory patterns, whether verbs or other stem-types (twinkle, glimmer,
> zigzag, cross-hatch; stench, putrid)
> c) intensifiers for verbs or adjectives, e.g. brand new and stop in one's
> tracks, along with special (truncated or otherwise modified) forms of
> adjectives and verbs with similar effect;
> d) extreme quantifiers, e.g. zero (zilch), a meager amount ([not even] a
> plug nickel), and 'all' (the whole enchilada)
> e) loaded epithets, slurs
> f) diminutives (and other hypocoristics), augmentatives
> g) greetings
> h) emphatic positive and negative polarity (yes I can, not on your life!,
> over my dead body)
>
> All of these are "expressive" or "affective" in one way or another, but
> they are fundamentally distinct semantically and they do not usually
> coalesce into a single form class. Instead of starting by equating form
> classes in different languages as "ideophones" and then comparing their
> lexical inventories, how about starting with a comprehensive set of
> potentially "expressive" or "emphatic" functions and examining how they are
> realized in various languages?
>
> For one thing, this would reveal that some languages/cultures are much
> more oriented toward expressivity overall or in specific contexts than
> others. For example, there are remarkable cross-linguistic differences in
> the extent to which diminutives and other hypocoristics are developed.
> Western European languages (English, Dutch, Basque), some Arabic varieties,
> and west coast Amerindian languages are high on the list, Australian
> Aboriginal languages dead last. Likewise with greetings and other forms of
> conversation-starting "phatic communion" which are highly variable (West
> Africans are champions, Arabs pretty good, western Europeans mediocre,
> Australian Aboriginals again dead last). These are anthropologically
> profound issues that are rarely addressed by typologists.
> ------------------------------
> *From:* Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of
> Dingemanse, Mark <Mark.Dingemanse at mpi.nl>
> *Sent:* Wednesday, March 20, 2019 10:49 AM
> *To:* lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> *Subject:* [Lingtyp] Re: A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories
>
>
>  (Hoping this reply to the digest ends up at the right thread.)
>
>
> 1.
>
> Regarding Ian Joo's initial query about ideophone semantic categories,
> you might want to have a look at Samarin's work on West-African ideophone
> systems. They look a lot like the broad categories Guillaume posted
> before, and are likely to be useful beyond African languages. One doubt
> one may have about the ones published so far is that they are fairly top
> down and haphazard; one just has to compare Samarin's categories to those
> from his French contemporary Alexandre to see differences that say more
> about their respective metalanguages (English and French) than about the
> ideophone systems they're meant to capture. Perhaps the Concepticon can
> provide a way out here.
>
>
> 2.
>
> Regarding the question of a *cross-linguistic *definition of ideophones,
> I agree with Jeff and Martin that ideophones seem special in that they are
> "easy to identify, but difficult to define" (as I wrote in my 2012 review).
> Nonetheless, the issues are not so different from those we've seen
> with many other major word classes, including fuzzy boundaries, diachronic
> diversions, and languages that seem to lack an instantiation of
> the category. A recurring temptation in this space is to take definitions intended for
> cross-linguistic comparison (comparative concepts) and require of
> them the precision offered by language-specific definitions (descriptive
> categories). The latter are always going to offer more precision, but they
> pay for this in lack of generalizability.
>
> Hindi ideophones as described by Kellersman are clearly different from
> mots idéophonique in Bambara as defined by Dumestre, Japanese mimetics as
> defined by Akita, or Semelai expressives as defined by Kruspe. One reason
> all of these are different is that they are (quite sensibly) grammatical
> definitions rooted in language-specific facts. We need such language-specific
> grammatical definitions to do justice to the attested linguistic
> diversity.
>
> But why stop there? For the comparative linguist a natural next question
> is to what extent these categories might be linkable to a common
> comparative concept that may help explain recurrent similarities across
> languages. Paraphrasing Dryer (1998), "when we do find such similarities,
> it is at least convenient to employ labels that have been employed for
> similar word classes". The term 'ideophone', understood as a typological
> notion, is just such a label.
>
> One demonstration of the utility of this label is that it has helped to
> unify findings from disparate languages. For instance, we've pointed
> to remarkable convergence in morphosyntactic behaviour for ideophone-like
> categories in 10 disparate languages in our 2017 Journal of Linguistics
> paper, a finding that is directly related to their proposed definition as
> words depictive of sensory imagery, and that has since been replicated in
> Basque, Luhya, Amazonian Kichwa, and Wao Terero.
>
> That said, I think the definition introduced in my 2012 paper can be
> improved upon. One formal feature I've recently proposed to add is that
> ideophones tend to be an open lexical class. This captures the ideophone
> systems of Basque, Japanese, Zulu, Siwu, Gbaya, etc, while excluding adjacent
> or orthogonal phenomena like phonaesthemes, depicting constructions in
> signed languages, and (in some languages) onomatopoeia. According to this revised
> comparative definition, a canonical ideophone is a member of an open
> lexical class of marked words that depict sensory imagery. It can no doubt
> be further sharpened and improved, but it captures 5 important dimensions
> of ideophone-like categories across languages and so allows for a more
> objective systematic comparative treatment of ideophones and adjacent
> phenomena than would be allowed by sticking only to language-specific
> descriptive categories.
>
> I write about these matters in a forthcoming chapter on "'Ideophone' as a
> comparative concept" (happy to share the uncorrected proofs if you send
> me an email).
>
>
> Best,
>
>
> Mark Dingemanse
>
>
> Refs cited:
>
>
> Alexandre, Pierre. 1966. Préliminaire à une présentation des idéophones
> Bulu. In J. Lukas (ed.), Neue Afrikanische Studien, Hamburger Beiträge zur
> Afrika-Kunde, 9–28. Hamburg: Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung.
>
> Dingemanse, Mark & Kimi Akita. 2017. An inverse relation between
> expressiveness and grammatical integration: on the morphosyntactic typology
> of ideophones, with special reference to Japanese. Journal of Linguistics
> 53(3). 501–532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002222671600030X
>
> Dingemanse, Mark. 2019. ‘Ideophone’ as a comparative concept. In Kimi
> Akita & Prashant Pardeshi (eds.), Ideophones, Mimetics, Expressives, 13–34.
> Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
>
> Dryer, Matthew S. 1997. Are grammatical relations universal? In Joan
> Bybee, John Haiman, & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.), Essays on Language
> Function and Language Type, 115–143. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
>
> Samarin, William J. 1965. Perspective on African ideophones. African
> Studies 24(2). 117–121.
>
> Samarin, William J. 1967. Determining the meaning of ideophones. Journal
> of West African Languages 4(2). 35–41.
>
>
> ------------------------------
> *From:* Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of
> lingtyp-request at listserv.linguistlist.org <
> lingtyp-request at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> *Sent:* Tuesday, March 19, 2019 7:11 PM
> *To:* lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> *Subject:* Lingtyp Digest, Vol 54, Issue 10
>
> Today's Topics:
>
>    1. Re: A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories
>       (Martin Haspelmath)
>    2. R:  A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories
>       (Paolo Ramat)
>
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Message: 1
> Date: Tue, 19 Mar 2019 18:55:09 +0100
> From: Martin Haspelmath <haspelmath at shh.mpg.de>
> To: <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic
>         categories
> Message-ID: <5C912CFD.405 at shh.mpg.de>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; Format="flowed"
>
> Jeffrey Heath makes a very important point here. It's easy to think of a
> typical exemplar of an ideophone, and this is so different from other
> types of words that the special term "ideophone" seems useful. But
> exemplar-based concepts give us subjective stereotypes, not comparative
> concepts that can be used for objective cross-linguistic comparison.
>
> There are other terms of this kind in linguistics ("word", "clitic",
> "agglutination", "agreement") – they seem useful because everyone can
> think of a salient exemplar, but they are undefined, so we cannot really
> use them for quantitative cross-linguistic comparison.
>
> (The only definition of "ideophone" that I could think of is
> "obligatorily duplicated forms that can be used as adverbials" – this
> would include the most typical cases, and would exclude cases like Greek
> sighá-sighá 'slowly', because sighá on its own is possible as well, if I
> remember correctly. The definition would exclude many of the cases
> included by Dingemanse, of course.)
>
> Martin
>
>
> On 19.03.19 12:07, Heath Jeffrey wrote:
> > How do you define "ideophone"? Are English verbs twinkle and sputter
> > ideophones? Are onomatopoeias ideophones? What about adjectival
> > intensifiers like brand in brand new?
> >
> > There is no cross-linguistically applicable grammatical definition of
> > this concept, i.e. with necessary and sufficient morphosyntactic
> > properties. Dingemanse's universal definition of ideophones is, for
> > good reason, limited to the convergence of phonological and semantic
> > markedness. Both of these are intrinsically vague and subjective. His
> > definition makes no mention of morphosyntactic properties. In specific
> > languages, morphosyntactically valid word-class categories often
> > include some (intuitively) ideophone-like stems along with some
> > (intuitively) non-ideophone-like stems, and exclude other
> > (intuitively) ideophone-like stems. For example, onomatopoeias
> > (sometimes claimed to be the universal bedrock of ideophones) often
> > constitute a morphosyntactic class of their own, distinct from the
> > class containing many (intuitively) ideophone-like stems. So there is
> > no universal core for ideophone, comparable to that often claimed for
> > adjective or numeral.
> >
> > Any crosslinguistic survey of ideophone semantics or phonology, even
> > if limited to West Africa, will have to wrestle with the vagueness of
> > the concept.
> > ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> > *From:* Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf
> > of Johann-Mattis List <mattis.list at lingulist.de>
> > *Sent:* Tuesday, March 19, 2019 5:47 AM
> > *To:* lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> > *Subject:* Re: [Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic
> > categories
> > I'd recommend all of you to see if the concepts you want to use there
> > appear (already) in Concepticon at
> >
> https://nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fconcepticon.clld.org&data=02%7C01%7C%7C2da20e444a544c06124008d6ac4feb60%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636885856584198686&sdata=q158Ogy4Tt9jd78oRc8wYeFa9kPTNDlHsbG7Au9jwP0%3D&reserved=0
> <https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fconcepticon.clld.org&data=02%7C01%7C%7C14ca4b75a75448e1e38d08d6ad436cf1%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636886902479438681&sdata=ERgpFlexm3bLBjSQ0SPvncLN3QpdJrrgeFZbUKhY2Ak%3D&reserved=0>.
>
> > If not,
> > and you publish your list, we'll gladly add them, if they are not too
> > idiosyncratic, but I'd expect they won't if you go for cross-linguistic
> > studies as a goal.
> >
> > Best,
> >
> > Mattis
> >
> > On 19/03/2019 10.32, Françoise Rose wrote:
> > > Hi Ian,
> > >
> > > Here is a list of general actions or states that are expressed (often
> > > more specifically) by Teko ideophones and that do not seem to fit in
> > > your current list.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Blowing
> > >
> > > Be dark
> > >
> > > Closed eyes / Open eyes
> > >
> > > Grimace
> > >
> > > Snoaring
> > >
> > > Tearing
> > >
> > > Entering /exiting
> > >
> > > Winking
> > >
> > > Shooting
> > >
> > > Falling
> > >
> > > Slip
> > >
> > > Jumping
> > >
> > > Go up/down
> > >
> > > Push
> > >
> > > Bubbles
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > You can read about Teko ideophones in my grammar. P. 400-409
> > >
> > > Ros  Rose, Françoise. /Grammaire de l’émérillon Teko, Une Langue
> > > Tupi-Guarani de Guyane Française/. Langues et Sociétés d’Amérique
> > > Traditionnelle 10. Louvain: Peeters, 2011.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Very best,
> > >
> > > Françoise
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > *De :* Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> *De la part
> > > de* Joo Ian
> > > *Envoyé :* mardi 19 mars 2019 09:20
> > > *À :* lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> > > *Cc :* caroljuan27 at gmail.com; mariaflax at gmail.com
> > > *Objet :* [Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Dear all,
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > I am currently trying to make a list of semantic categories of
> > > ideophones, in order to do a cross-linguistic comparison (for example,
> > > do ideophones whose meanings are related to brightness show similarity
> > > across different languages?)
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Here’s my list so far, created out of my intuition and previous
> > literature.
> > >
> > > I wonder if you have any meanings that you would like to add to or
> > > remove from the list.
> > >
> > > The goal is to make a list of ideophone meanings so that most languages
> > > that have a sizeable ideophone inventory would have at least several
> > > ideophones that belong to each category.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > *Semantic Categories*
> > >
> > > Air
> > >
> > > Anxiety
> > >
> > > Bright
> > >
> > > Clean
> > >
> > > Clear-cut/Vivid
> > >
> > > Crying
> > >
> > > Dirty/Messy
> > >
> > > Dry
> > >
> > > Eating/Drinking
> > >
> > > Fast
> > >
> > > Flow
> > >
> > > Friction
> > >
> > > Hitting/Beating
> > >
> > > Hungry/Thirsty
> > >
> > > Laughter
> > >
> > > Looking
> > >
> > > Plenty
> > >
> > > Ringing
> > >
> > > Ripping/Cutting
> > >
> > > Romantic
> > >
> > > Rotation
> > >
> > > Rough
> > >
> > > Rupture
> > >
> > > Scattering
> > >
> > > Secretly
> > >
> > > Shaking/Vibration
> > >
> > > Slow/Lazy
> > >
> > > Soft
> > >
> > > Solid
> > >
> > > Speaking
> > >
> > > Stop
> > >
> > > Walking/Running
> > >
> > > Wet
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > I would appreciate any comments or advices.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > From Seoul,
> > >
> > > Ian
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > _______________________________________________
> > > Lingtyp mailing list
> > > Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> > >
> >
> https://nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Flingtyp&data=02%7C01%7C%7C2da20e444a544c06124008d6ac4feb60%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636885856584198686&sdata=xDhSFMkKI6mkgBIKhmZj2UAd97ZknAwSfjxHClZZ7JQ%3D&reserved=0
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> > >
> > _______________________________________________
> > Lingtyp mailing list
> > Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> >
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> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
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> > Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> > http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp
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> --
> Martin Haspelmath (haspelmath at shh.mpg.de)
> Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
> Kahlaische Strasse 10
> D-07745 Jena
> &
> Leipzig University
> Institut fuer Anglistik
> IPF 141199
> D-04081 Leipzig
>
>
>
>
>
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>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 2
> Date: Tue, 19 Mar 2019 19:10:35 +0100
> From: "Paolo Ramat" <paoram at unipv.it>
> To: "'Martin Haspelmath'" <haspelmath at shh.mpg.de>,
>         <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> Subject: [Lingtyp] R:  A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic
>         categories
> Message-ID: <000701d4de7f$0d16fc10$2744f430$@unipv.it>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
>
> As a contribution to the ideophones discussion I’m attaching a very
> interesting article by the ethnolinguist Maurizio Gnerre which will appear
> in the next issue of  the “Archivio Glottologico Italiano” (a monographic
> issue dedicated to ‘deixis’)
>
>
>
> Paolo
>
>
>
> Da: Lingtyp [mailto:lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org
> <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>] Per conto di Martin
> Haspelmath
> Inviato: martedì 19 marzo 2019 18:55
> A: lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> Oggetto: Re: [Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories
>
>
>
> Jeffrey Heath makes a very important point here. It's easy to think of a
> typical exemplar of an ideophone, and this is so different from other types
> of words that the special term "ideophone" seems useful. But exemplar-based
> concepts give us subjective stereotypes, not comparative concepts that can
> be used for objective cross-linguistic comparison.
>
> There are other terms of this kind in linguistics ("word", "clitic",
> "agglutination", "agreement") – they seem useful because everyone can think
> of a salient exemplar, but they are undefined, so we cannot really use them
> for quantitative cross-linguistic comparison.
>
> (The only definition of "ideophone" that I could think of is "obligatorily
> duplicated forms that can be used as adverbials" – this would include the
> most typical cases, and would exclude cases like Greek sighá-sighá
> 'slowly', because sighá on its own is possible as well, if I remember
> correctly. The definition would exclude many of the cases included by
> Dingemanse, of course.)
>
> Martin
>
>
>
> On 19.03.19 12:07, Heath Jeffrey wrote:
>
> How do you define "ideophone"? Are English verbs twinkle and sputter
> ideophones? Are onomatopoeias ideophones? What about adjectival
> intensifiers like brand in brand new?
>
>
>
> There is no cross-linguistically applicable grammatical definition of this
> concept, i.e. with necessary and sufficient morphosyntactic properties.
> Dingemanse's universal definition of ideophones is, for good reason,
> limited to the convergence of phonological and semantic markedness. Both of
> these are intrinsically vague and subjective. His definition makes no
> mention of morphosyntactic properties. In specific languages,
> morphosyntactically valid word-class categories often include some
> (intuitively) ideophone-like stems along with some (intuitively)
> non-ideophone-like stems, and exclude other (intuitively) ideophone-like
> stems. For example, onomatopoeias (sometimes claimed to be the universal
> bedrock of ideophones) often constitute a morphosyntactic class of their
> own, distinct from the class containing many (intuitively) ideophone-like
> stems. So there is no universal core for ideophone, comparable to that
> often claimed for adjective or numeral.
>
>
>
> Any crosslinguistic survey of ideophone semantics or phonology, even if
> limited to West Africa, will have to wrestle with the vagueness of the
> concept.
>
>   _____
>
> From: Lingtyp  <mailto:lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org
> <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>> <
> lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Johann-Mattis
> List  <mailto:mattis.list at lingulist.de <mattis.list at lingulist.de>> <
> mattis.list at lingulist.de>
> Sent: Tuesday, March 19, 2019 5:47 AM
> To: lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org <
> mailto:lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>>
> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories
>
>
>
> I'd recommend all of you to see if the concepts you want to use there
> appear (already) in Concepticon at
> https://nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fconcepticon.clld.org
> <
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> If not,
> and you publish your list, we'll gladly add them, if they are not too
> idiosyncratic, but I'd expect they won't if you go for cross-linguistic
> studies as a goal.
>
> Best,
>
> Mattis
>
> On 19/03/2019 10.32, Françoise Rose wrote:
> > Hi Ian,
> >
> > Here is a list of general actions or states that are expressed (often
> > more specifically) by Teko ideophones and that do not seem to fit in
> > your current list.
> >
> >
> >
> > Blowing
> >
> > Be dark
> >
> > Closed eyes / Open eyes
> >
> > Grimace
> >
> > Snoaring
> >
> > Tearing
> >
> > Entering /exiting
> >
> > Winking
> >
> > Shooting
> >
> > Falling
> >
> > Slip
> >
> > Jumping
> >
> > Go up/down
> >
> > Push
> >
> > Bubbles
> >
> >
> >
> > You can read about Teko ideophones in my grammar. P. 400-409
> >
> > Ros  Rose, Françoise. /Grammaire de l’émérillon Teko, Une Langue
> > Tupi-Guarani de Guyane Française/. Langues et Sociétés d’Amérique
> > Traditionnelle 10. Louvain: Peeters, 2011.
> >
> >
> >
> > Very best,
> >
> > Françoise
> >
> >
> >
> > *De :* Lingtyp  <mailto:lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org
> <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>> <
> lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> *De la part
> > de* Joo Ian
> > *Envoyé :* mardi 19 mars 2019 09:20
> > *À :* lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org <
> mailto:lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>>
> > *Cc :* caroljuan27 at gmail.com <mailto:caroljuan27 at gmail.com
> <caroljuan27 at gmail.com>> ; mariaflax at gmail.com <mailto:mariaflax at gmail.com
> <mariaflax at gmail.com>>
> > *Objet :* [Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories
> >
> >
> >
> > Dear all,
> >
> >
> >
> > I am currently trying to make a list of semantic categories of
> > ideophones, in order to do a cross-linguistic comparison (for example,
> > do ideophones whose meanings are related to brightness show similarity
> > across different languages?)
> >
> >
> >
> > Here’s my list so far, created out of my intuition and previous
> literature.
> >
> > I wonder if you have any meanings that you would like to add to or
> > remove from the list.
> >
> > The goal is to make a list of ideophone meanings so that most languages
> > that have a sizeable ideophone inventory would have at least several
> > ideophones that belong to each category.
> >
> >
> >
> > *Semantic Categories*
> >
> > Air
> >
> > Anxiety
> >
> > Bright
> >
> > Clean
> >
> > Clear-cut/Vivid
> >
> > Crying
> >
> > Dirty/Messy
> >
> > Dry
> >
> > Eating/Drinking
> >
> > Fast
> >
> > Flow
> >
> > Friction
> >
> > Hitting/Beating
> >
> > Hungry/Thirsty
> >
> > Laughter
> >
> > Looking
> >
> > Plenty
> >
> > Ringing
> >
> > Ripping/Cutting
> >
> > Romantic
> >
> > Rotation
> >
> > Rough
> >
> > Rupture
> >
> > Scattering
> >
> > Secretly
> >
> > Shaking/Vibration
> >
> > Slow/Lazy
> >
> > Soft
> >
> > Solid
> >
> > Speaking
> >
> > Stop
> >
> > Walking/Running
> >
> > Wet
> >
> >
> >
> > I would appreciate any comments or advices.
> >
> >
> >
> > From Seoul,
> >
> > Ian
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > Lingtyp mailing list
> > Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org <
> mailto:Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> <Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>>
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> --
> Martin Haspelmath (haspelmath at shh.mpg.de <mailto:haspelmath at shh.mpg.de
> <haspelmath at shh.mpg.de>> )
> Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
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