[Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories
Martin Haspelmath
haspelmath at shh.mpg.de
Thu Mar 21 09:44:14 UTC 2019
Yes – Jeffrey is right that we shouldn't use fuzzy concepts (of any
sort, whether comparative or language-particular), but precise concepts.
But there is no reason why comparative concepts based on form should be
less precise than concepts based on function. For example, I proposed a
concept "obligatorily duplicated forms that can be used as adverbials",
as a way of reconstructing the intuition that many people have with
respect to the term "ideophone". This seems pretty precise to me (though
"adverbial" is perhaps too vague, so there is room for improvement).
Mark Dingemanse says that "ideophones are easy to identify, but
difficult to define", but I don't see how identification could be
independent of definition. What is easy is to think of a sterotypical
example, but it is not easy to distinguish ideophones from
non-ideophones. In general, I think it's never difficult to define a
(clear) concept/term, but it's often difficult to find a clear concept
that corresponds reasonably to most people's stereotypes.
Now what about Jeffrey's "onomatopoeias" and "greetings"? Again, it's
easy to think of examples, but can we distinguish non-onomatopoeias from
onomatopoeias? And non-greetings from greetings? (Or rhyming jingles
from non-rhyming-jingles, to take Andrew Pawley's case?)
I'm not sure – and back in 2010, we actually tried to define "greeting"
for the Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Languages
(https://apics-online.info/), because we felt that there were
interesting distinctions between the types of greetings that different
languages use (good day! how are you? have you eaten? etc.). But we were
unable to come up with a clear a concept that corresponds to the
"greeting" stereotype, so we gave up.
Martin
On 20.03.19 23:37, Heath Jeffrey wrote:
> An alternative superior to fuzzy "comparative concepts" is to start
> with well-defined functions rather than form classes. Consider the
> following phenomena, some of which have been lumped together as
> ideophones:
>
> a) onomatopoieas (thud, thwap, cock-a-doodle-doo);
> b) lexicalized forms denoting striking visual and other nonauditory
> sensory patterns, whether verbs or other stem-types (twinkle, glimmer,
> zigzag, cross-hatch; stench, putrid)
> c) intensifiers for verbs or adjectives, e.g. brand new and stop in
> one's tracks, along with special (truncated or otherwise modified)
> forms of adjectives and verbs with similar effect;
> d) extreme quantifiers, e.g. zero (zilch), a meager amount ([not even]
> a plug nickel), and 'all' (the whole enchilada)
> e) loaded epithets, slurs
> f) diminutives (and other hypocoristics), augmentatives
> g) greetings
> h) emphatic positive and negative polarity (yes I can, not on your
> life!, over my dead body)
>
> All of these are "expressive" or "affective" in one way or another,
> but they are fundamentally distinct semantically and they do not
> usually coalesce into a single form class. Instead of starting by
> equating form classes in different languages as "ideophones" and then
> comparing their lexical inventories, how about starting with a
> comprehensive set of potentially "expressive" or "emphatic" functions
> and examining how they are realized in various languages?
>
> For one thing, this would reveal that some languages/cultures are much
> more oriented toward expressivity overall or in specific contexts than
> others. For example, there are remarkable cross-linguistic differences
> in the extent to which diminutives and other hypocoristics are
> developed. Western European languages (English, Dutch, Basque), some
> Arabic varieties, and west coast Amerindian languages are high on the
> list, Australian Aboriginal languages dead last. Likewise with
> greetings and other forms of conversation-starting "phatic communion"
> which are highly variable (West Africans are champions, Arabs pretty
> good, western Europeans mediocre, Australian Aboriginals again dead
> last). These are anthropologically profound issues that are rarely
> addressed by typologists.
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> *From:* Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf
> of Dingemanse, Mark <Mark.Dingemanse at mpi.nl>
> *Sent:* Wednesday, March 20, 2019 10:49 AM
> *To:* lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> *Subject:* [Lingtyp] Re: A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic
> categories
>
> (Hoping this reply to the digest ends up at the right thread.)
>
>
> 1.
>
> Regarding Ian Joo's initial query about ideophone semantic categories,
> you might want to have a look at Samarin's work on West-African
> ideophone systems. They look a lot like the broad categories Guillaume
> posted before, and are likely to be useful beyond African languages.
> One doubt one may have about the ones published so far is that they
> are fairly top down and haphazard; one just has to compare Samarin's
> categories to those from his French contemporary Alexandre to see
> differences that say more about their respective metalanguages
> (English and French) than about the ideophone systems they're meant to
> capture. Perhaps the Concepticon can provide a way out here.
>
>
> 2.
>
> Regarding the question of a /cross-linguistic /definition of
> ideophones, I agree with Jeff and Martin that ideophones seem special
> in that they are "easy to identify, but difficult to define" (as I
> wrote in my 2012 review). Nonetheless, the issues are not so different
> from those we've seen with many other major word classes, including
> fuzzy boundaries, diachronic diversions, and languages that seem to
> lack an instantiation of the category. A recurring temptation in this
> space is to take definitions intended for cross-linguistic
> comparison (comparative concepts) and require of them the precision
> offered by language-specific definitions (descriptive categories). The
> latter are always going to offer more precision, but they pay for this
> in lack of generalizability.
>
> Hindi ideophones as described by Kellersman are clearly different from
> mots idéophonique in Bambara as defined by Dumestre, Japanese
> mimetics as defined by Akita, or Semelai expressives as defined by
> Kruspe. One reason all of these are different is that they are (quite
> sensibly) grammatical definitions rooted in language-specific facts.
> We need such language-specific grammatical definitions to do justice
> to the attested linguistic diversity.
>
> But why stop there? For the comparative linguist a natural next
> question is to what extent these categoriesmight be linkable to a
> common comparative concept that may help explain
> recurrent similarities across languages.Paraphrasing Dryer (1998),
> "when we do find such similarities, it is at least convenient to
> employ labels that have been employed for similar word classes". The
> term 'ideophone', understood as a typological notion, is just such a
> label.
>
> One demonstration of the utility of this label is that it has helped
> to unify findings from disparate languages. For instance, we've
> pointed to remarkable convergence in morphosyntactic behaviour for
> ideophone-like categories in 10 disparate languages in our 2017
> Journal of Linguistics paper, a finding that is directly related to
> their proposed definition as words depictive of sensory imagery,
> and that has since been replicated in Basque, Luhya, Amazonian Kichwa,
> and Wao Terero.
>
> That said, I think the definition introduced in my 2012 paper can be
> improved upon. One formal feature I've recently proposed to add is
> that ideophones tend to be an open lexical class. This captures the
> ideophone systems of Basque, Japanese, Zulu, Siwu, Gbaya, etc, while
> excluding adjacent or orthogonal phenomena like phonaesthemes,
> depicting constructions in signed languages, and (in some languages)
> onomatopoeia. According to this revised comparative definition, a
> canonical ideophone is a member of an open lexical class of marked
> words that depict sensory imagery. It can no doubt be further
> sharpened and improved, but it captures 5 important dimensions of
> ideophone-like categories across languages and so allows for a more
> objective systematic comparative treatment of ideophones and adjacent
> phenomena than would be allowed by sticking only to language-specific
> descriptive categories.
>
> I write about these matters in a forthcoming chapter on "'Ideophone'
> as a comparative concept" (happy to share the uncorrected proofs if
> you send me an email).
>
>
> Best,
>
>
> Mark Dingemanse
>
>
> Refs cited:
>
>
> Alexandre, Pierre. 1966. Préliminaire à une présentation des
> idéophones Bulu. In J. Lukas (ed.), Neue Afrikanische Studien,
> Hamburger Beiträge zur Afrika-Kunde, 9–28. Hamburg: Deutsches Institut
> für Afrika-Forschung.
>
> Dingemanse, Mark & Kimi Akita. 2017. An inverse relation between
> expressiveness and grammatical integration: on the morphosyntactic
> typology of ideophones, with special reference to Japanese. Journal of
> Linguistics 53(3). 501–532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002222671600030X
>
> Dingemanse, Mark. 2019. ‘Ideophone’ as a comparative concept. In Kimi
> Akita & Prashant Pardeshi (eds.), Ideophones, Mimetics, Expressives,
> 13–34. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
>
> Dryer, Matthew S. 1997. Are grammatical relations universal? In Joan
> Bybee, John Haiman, & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.), Essays on Language
> Function and Language Type, 115–143. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
>
> Samarin, William J. 1965. Perspective on African ideophones. African
> Studies 24(2). 117–121.
>
> Samarin, William J. 1967. Determining the meaning of ideophones.
> Journal of West African Languages 4(2). 35–41.
>
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> *From:* Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf
> of lingtyp-request at listserv.linguistlist.org
> <lingtyp-request at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> *Sent:* Tuesday, March 19, 2019 7:11 PM
> *To:* lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> *Subject:* Lingtyp Digest, Vol 54, Issue 10
> Today's Topics:
>
> 1. Re: A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories
> (Martin Haspelmath)
> 2. R: A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories
> (Paolo Ramat)
>
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Message: 1
> Date: Tue, 19 Mar 2019 18:55:09 +0100
> From: Martin Haspelmath <haspelmath at shh.mpg.de>
> To: <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic
> categories
> Message-ID: <5C912CFD.405 at shh.mpg.de>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; Format="flowed"
>
> Jeffrey Heath makes a very important point here. It's easy to think of a
> typical exemplar of an ideophone, and this is so different from other
> types of words that the special term "ideophone" seems useful. But
> exemplar-based concepts give us subjective stereotypes, not comparative
> concepts that can be used for objective cross-linguistic comparison.
>
> There are other terms of this kind in linguistics ("word", "clitic",
> "agglutination", "agreement") – they seem useful because everyone can
> think of a salient exemplar, but they are undefined, so we cannot really
> use them for quantitative cross-linguistic comparison.
>
> (The only definition of "ideophone" that I could think of is
> "obligatorily duplicated forms that can be used as adverbials" – this
> would include the most typical cases, and would exclude cases like Greek
> sighá-sighá 'slowly', because sighá on its own is possible as well, if I
> remember correctly. The definition would exclude many of the cases
> included by Dingemanse, of course.)
>
> Martin
>
>
> On 19.03.19 12:07, Heath Jeffrey wrote:
> > How do you define "ideophone"? Are English verbs twinkle and sputter
> > ideophones? Are onomatopoeias ideophones? What about adjectival
> > intensifiers like brand in brand new?
> >
> > There is no cross-linguistically applicable grammatical definition of
> > this concept, i.e. with necessary and sufficient morphosyntactic
> > properties. Dingemanse's universal definition of ideophones is, for
> > good reason, limited to the convergence of phonological and semantic
> > markedness. Both of these are intrinsically vague and subjective. His
> > definition makes no mention of morphosyntactic properties. In specific
> > languages, morphosyntactically valid word-class categories often
> > include some (intuitively) ideophone-like stems along with some
> > (intuitively) non-ideophone-like stems, and exclude other
> > (intuitively) ideophone-like stems. For example, onomatopoeias
> > (sometimes claimed to be the universal bedrock of ideophones) often
> > constitute a morphosyntactic class of their own, distinct from the
> > class containing many (intuitively) ideophone-like stems. So there is
> > no universal core for ideophone, comparable to that often claimed for
> > adjective or numeral.
> >
> > Any crosslinguistic survey of ideophone semantics or phonology, even
> > if limited to West Africa, will have to wrestle with the vagueness of
> > the concept.
> > ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> > *From:* Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf
> > of Johann-Mattis List <mattis.list at lingulist.de>
> > *Sent:* Tuesday, March 19, 2019 5:47 AM
> > *To:* lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> > *Subject:* Re: [Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic
> > categories
> > I'd recommend all of you to see if the concepts you want to use there
> > appear (already) in Concepticon at
> >
> https://nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fconcepticon.clld.org&data=02%7C01%7C%7C2da20e444a544c06124008d6ac4feb60%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636885856584198686&sdata=q158Ogy4Tt9jd78oRc8wYeFa9kPTNDlHsbG7Au9jwP0%3D&reserved=0
> <https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fconcepticon.clld.org&data=02%7C01%7C%7C14ca4b75a75448e1e38d08d6ad436cf1%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636886902479438681&sdata=ERgpFlexm3bLBjSQ0SPvncLN3QpdJrrgeFZbUKhY2Ak%3D&reserved=0>.
>
> > If not,
> > and you publish your list, we'll gladly add them, if they are not too
> > idiosyncratic, but I'd expect they won't if you go for cross-linguistic
> > studies as a goal.
> >
> > Best,
> >
> > Mattis
> >
> > On 19/03/2019 10.32, Françoise Rose wrote:
> > > Hi Ian,
> > >
> > > Here is a list of general actions or states that are expressed (often
> > > more specifically) by Teko ideophones and that do not seem to fit in
> > > your current list.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Blowing
> > >
> > > Be dark
> > >
> > > Closed eyes / Open eyes
> > >
> > > Grimace
> > >
> > > Snoaring
> > >
> > > Tearing
> > >
> > > Entering /exiting
> > >
> > > Winking
> > >
> > > Shooting
> > >
> > > Falling
> > >
> > > Slip
> > >
> > > Jumping
> > >
> > > Go up/down
> > >
> > > Push
> > >
> > > Bubbles
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > You can read about Teko ideophones in my grammar. P. 400-409
> > >
> > > Ros Rose, Françoise. /Grammaire de l’émérillon Teko, Une Langue
> > > Tupi-Guarani de Guyane Française/. Langues et Sociétés d’Amérique
> > > Traditionnelle 10. Louvain: Peeters, 2011.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Very best,
> > >
> > > Françoise
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > *De :* Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> *De la part
> > > de* Joo Ian
> > > *Envoyé :* mardi 19 mars 2019 09:20
> > > *À :* lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> > > *Cc :* caroljuan27 at gmail.com; mariaflax at gmail.com
> > > *Objet :* [Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Dear all,
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > I am currently trying to make a list of semantic categories of
> > > ideophones, in order to do a cross-linguistic comparison (for example,
> > > do ideophones whose meanings are related to brightness show similarity
> > > across different languages?)
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Here’s my list so far, created out of my intuition and previous
> > literature.
> > >
> > > I wonder if you have any meanings that you would like to add to or
> > > remove from the list.
> > >
> > > The goal is to make a list of ideophone meanings so that most
> languages
> > > that have a sizeable ideophone inventory would have at least several
> > > ideophones that belong to each category.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > *Semantic Categories*
> > >
> > > Air
> > >
> > > Anxiety
> > >
> > > Bright
> > >
> > > Clean
> > >
> > > Clear-cut/Vivid
> > >
> > > Crying
> > >
> > > Dirty/Messy
> > >
> > > Dry
> > >
> > > Eating/Drinking
> > >
> > > Fast
> > >
> > > Flow
> > >
> > > Friction
> > >
> > > Hitting/Beating
> > >
> > > Hungry/Thirsty
> > >
> > > Laughter
> > >
> > > Looking
> > >
> > > Plenty
> > >
> > > Ringing
> > >
> > > Ripping/Cutting
> > >
> > > Romantic
> > >
> > > Rotation
> > >
> > > Rough
> > >
> > > Rupture
> > >
> > > Scattering
> > >
> > > Secretly
> > >
> > > Shaking/Vibration
> > >
> > > Slow/Lazy
> > >
> > > Soft
> > >
> > > Solid
> > >
> > > Speaking
> > >
> > > Stop
> > >
> > > Walking/Running
> > >
> > > Wet
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > I would appreciate any comments or advices.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > From Seoul,
> > >
> > > Ian
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > _______________________________________________
> > > Lingtyp mailing list
> > > Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> > >
> >
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> >
> >
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> --
> Martin Haspelmath (haspelmath at shh.mpg.de)
> Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
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> IPF 141199
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>
>
>
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> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 2
> Date: Tue, 19 Mar 2019 19:10:35 +0100
> From: "Paolo Ramat" <paoram at unipv.it>
> To: "'Martin Haspelmath'" <haspelmath at shh.mpg.de>,
> <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> Subject: [Lingtyp] R: A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic
> categories
> Message-ID: <000701d4de7f$0d16fc10$2744f430$@unipv.it>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
>
> As a contribution to the ideophones discussion I’m attaching a very
> interesting article by the ethnolinguist Maurizio Gnerre which will
> appear in the next issue of the “Archivio Glottologico Italiano” (a
> monographic issue dedicated to ‘deixis’)
>
>
>
> Paolo
>
>
>
> Da: Lingtyp [mailto:lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org] Per
> conto di Martin Haspelmath
> Inviato: martedì 19 marzo 2019 18:55
> A: lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> Oggetto: Re: [Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories
>
>
>
> Jeffrey Heath makes a very important point here. It's easy to think of
> a typical exemplar of an ideophone, and this is so different from
> other types of words that the special term "ideophone" seems useful.
> But exemplar-based concepts give us subjective stereotypes, not
> comparative concepts that can be used for objective cross-linguistic
> comparison.
>
> There are other terms of this kind in linguistics ("word", "clitic",
> "agglutination", "agreement") – they seem useful because everyone can
> think of a salient exemplar, but they are undefined, so we cannot
> really use them for quantitative cross-linguistic comparison.
>
> (The only definition of "ideophone" that I could think of is
> "obligatorily duplicated forms that can be used as adverbials" – this
> would include the most typical cases, and would exclude cases like
> Greek sighá-sighá 'slowly', because sighá on its own is possible as
> well, if I remember correctly. The definition would exclude many of
> the cases included by Dingemanse, of course.)
>
> Martin
>
>
>
> On 19.03.19 12:07, Heath Jeffrey wrote:
>
> How do you define "ideophone"? Are English verbs twinkle and sputter
> ideophones? Are onomatopoeias ideophones? What about adjectival
> intensifiers like brand in brand new?
>
>
>
> There is no cross-linguistically applicable grammatical definition of
> this concept, i.e. with necessary and sufficient morphosyntactic
> properties. Dingemanse's universal definition of ideophones is, for
> good reason, limited to the convergence of phonological and semantic
> markedness. Both of these are intrinsically vague and subjective. His
> definition makes no mention of morphosyntactic properties. In specific
> languages, morphosyntactically valid word-class categories often
> include some (intuitively) ideophone-like stems along with some
> (intuitively) non-ideophone-like stems, and exclude other
> (intuitively) ideophone-like stems. For example, onomatopoeias
> (sometimes claimed to be the universal bedrock of ideophones) often
> constitute a morphosyntactic class of their own, distinct from the
> class containing many (intuitively) ideophone-like stems. So there is
> no universal core for ideophone, comparable to that often claimed for
> adjective or numeral.
>
>
>
> Any crosslinguistic survey of ideophone semantics or phonology, even
> if limited to West Africa, will have to wrestle with the vagueness of
> the concept.
>
> _____
>
> From: Lingtyp <mailto:lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Johann-Mattis
> List <mailto:mattis.list at lingulist.de> <mattis.list at lingulist.de>
> Sent: Tuesday, March 19, 2019 5:47 AM
> To: lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> <mailto:lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories
>
>
>
> I'd recommend all of you to see if the concepts you want to use there
> appear (already) in Concepticon at
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> If not,
> and you publish your list, we'll gladly add them, if they are not too
> idiosyncratic, but I'd expect they won't if you go for cross-linguistic
> studies as a goal.
>
> Best,
>
> Mattis
>
> On 19/03/2019 10.32, Françoise Rose wrote:
> > Hi Ian,
> >
> > Here is a list of general actions or states that are expressed (often
> > more specifically) by Teko ideophones and that do not seem to fit in
> > your current list.
> >
> >
> >
> > Blowing
> >
> > Be dark
> >
> > Closed eyes / Open eyes
> >
> > Grimace
> >
> > Snoaring
> >
> > Tearing
> >
> > Entering /exiting
> >
> > Winking
> >
> > Shooting
> >
> > Falling
> >
> > Slip
> >
> > Jumping
> >
> > Go up/down
> >
> > Push
> >
> > Bubbles
> >
> >
> >
> > You can read about Teko ideophones in my grammar. P. 400-409
> >
> > Ros Rose, Françoise. /Grammaire de l’émérillon Teko, Une Langue
> > Tupi-Guarani de Guyane Française/. Langues et Sociétés d’Amérique
> > Traditionnelle 10. Louvain: Peeters, 2011.
> >
> >
> >
> > Very best,
> >
> > Françoise
> >
> >
> >
> > *De :* Lingtyp <mailto:lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> *De la part
> > de* Joo Ian
> > *Envoyé :* mardi 19 mars 2019 09:20
> > *À :* lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> <mailto:lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> > *Cc :* caroljuan27 at gmail.com <mailto:caroljuan27 at gmail.com> ;
> mariaflax at gmail.com <mailto:mariaflax at gmail.com>
> > *Objet :* [Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone semantic categories
> >
> >
> >
> > Dear all,
> >
> >
> >
> > I am currently trying to make a list of semantic categories of
> > ideophones, in order to do a cross-linguistic comparison (for example,
> > do ideophones whose meanings are related to brightness show similarity
> > across different languages?)
> >
> >
> >
> > Here’s my list so far, created out of my intuition and previous
> literature.
> >
> > I wonder if you have any meanings that you would like to add to or
> > remove from the list.
> >
> > The goal is to make a list of ideophone meanings so that most languages
> > that have a sizeable ideophone inventory would have at least several
> > ideophones that belong to each category.
> >
> >
> >
> > *Semantic Categories*
> >
> > Air
> >
> > Anxiety
> >
> > Bright
> >
> > Clean
> >
> > Clear-cut/Vivid
> >
> > Crying
> >
> > Dirty/Messy
> >
> > Dry
> >
> > Eating/Drinking
> >
> > Fast
> >
> > Flow
> >
> > Friction
> >
> > Hitting/Beating
> >
> > Hungry/Thirsty
> >
> > Laughter
> >
> > Looking
> >
> > Plenty
> >
> > Ringing
> >
> > Ripping/Cutting
> >
> > Romantic
> >
> > Rotation
> >
> > Rough
> >
> > Rupture
> >
> > Scattering
> >
> > Secretly
> >
> > Shaking/Vibration
> >
> > Slow/Lazy
> >
> > Soft
> >
> > Solid
> >
> > Speaking
> >
> > Stop
> >
> > Walking/Running
> >
> > Wet
> >
> >
> >
> > I would appreciate any comments or advices.
> >
> >
> >
> > From Seoul,
> >
> > Ian
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
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> > Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> <mailto:Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
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> --
> Martin Haspelmath (haspelmath at shh.mpg.de <mailto:haspelmath at shh.mpg.de> )
> Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
> Kahlaische Strasse 10
> D-07745 Jena
> &
> Leipzig University
> Institut fuer Anglistik
> IPF 141199
> D-04081 Leipzig
>
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--
Martin Haspelmath (haspelmath at shh.mpg.de)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745 Jena
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig
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